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MLS 209 > kModule 1 > Flashcards

kModule 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

came from Last Common Ancestor; always have a plasma membrane; may have a cell wall

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2
Q

Viruses

A

genome may be exclusively RNA; are obligate parasites; outer layer is predominantly protein

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3
Q

Technology that applies the power of microbes toward the manufacturing of industrial products, foods, and drugs

A

biotechnology

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3
Q

This is a technique developed in the 1980s to make mass copies of DNA for study

A

PCR

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4
Q

Newer technology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals to create new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

A

Genetic Engineering

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4
Q

These molecules were the first identified in the 2000s, and appear to play critical roles in regulating what happens in the cell

A

Small RNAs

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4
Q

Process that involves the introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants

A

Bioremediation

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5
Q

Discovered by Daniel Nathans, Werner Arber, and Hamilton Smith in the 1970s, these “molecular scissors” cut DNA in a controlled manner

A

Restriction Enzymes

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6
Q

In the 2010s and beyond, this provided detailed information about the microorganisms that live on or in our bodies

A

Human Microbiome Project (HMP)

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7
Q

TF: Bacteria are larger than human cells

A

False

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8
Q

TF: Bacteria are only visible with an electron microscope

A

False

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9
Q

The term used to describe a cluster of spherical bacteria is

A

staphylococci

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10
Q

short plump rods

A

coccobacillus

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11
Q

singly occurring rods

A

vibrio

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12
Q

spiral shaped body

A

spirillum

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13
Q

spring-like spiral cell

A

spirochete

14
Q

multiple branches off rod shape

A

filaments

15
Q

What general type of stain is used to separate types of bacteria based on their cellular structures

A

differential

16
Q

why must fresh cells be used when performing a Gram stain

A

old cells may not Gram-stain properly

17
Q

After Gram’s iodine is added, what color do the cells appear under a light microscope?

A

all cells appear purple

18
Q

When ethanol is applied correctly, gram-positive cells appear ___ and gram-negative cells appear ____

A

purple; colorless

19
Q

TF: The thinner peptidoglycan layer of gram-positive bacteria allows the crystal-violet-iodine complex to leave the cell

A

false

20
Q

the differential stage of the Gram stain is the application of ___

A

ethanol

21
Q

If the Gram’s iodine step was skipped in this technique, what would likely be seen under the microscope

A

Most cells would appear red/pink

22
Q

TF: All bacteria can be classified as either gram-positive or gram-negative

A

true

23
Q

Rod-shaped bacteria

A

can be either gram-positive or gram-negative

24
Q

Mitochondria likely originated from

A

bacteria

25
Q

Caused by fungi

A

Candidiasis; histoplasmosis; coccidioidomycosis

26
Q

Caused by protozoa

A

Amoebiasis; giardiasis; malaria; toxoplasmosis

27
Q

Caused by helminths

A

ascariasis; river blindness

28
Q

Life cycle of an enveloped virus

A

Adsorption> penetration(>endocytosis)> uncoating> synthesis (>nucleic acids> integration) > Assembly> Release (>exocytosis)> virions> tropism (starts over)

29
Q

smallest to largest: protozoa, helminths, viruses, bacteria

A

viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths

30
Q

Enveloped viruses use glycoproteins called ____ to specifically bind with their host cells

A

spikes

31
Q

If you could design a drug to “hide” pr block sialic acid on respiratory cells, what stage of the life cycle of influenza would be directly impacted

A

Adsorption

32
Q

Why are CD4 counts related to HIV infection

A

HIV can only bind to cells with CD4 receptors

33
Q

Virus X can infect rodents and birds, whereas Virus Y infects humans. Which has a broader host range

A

Virus X

34
Q

Rabies virus has a ____ host a range as compared to Hep B virus

A

Broad

35
Q

which statements correctly apply to the unique characteristics of viruses

A

Viruses have a nucleic acid genome; however, it may be either DNA or RNA and the nucleic acids may be single or double stranded- viruses are species-specific and infect cells of all five kingdoms- while viruses are not considered living because they cannot direct their own multiplication, they are more than simply an aggregate of macromolecules since they can direct the behavior of living cells

MLS 209 (1 decks)

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