KLUBSY: SAFETY & QUALITY ASSESSMENT Flashcards
What does CDC mean?
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
What does OSHA mean?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
What does PPE mean?
Personal Protective Equipment
What does UP mean?
Universal Precautions
What does BSI mean?
Body Substance Isolation
What does NFPA mean?
National Fire Protection Association
What are the types of safety hazards?
1-biologic
2-sharps
3-chemical
4-radioactive
5-electrical
6-fire/explosive
7-physical
What is the SOURCE of a biologic safety hazard?
infectious agents
What is the source of SHARPS hazard?
needles, lancets, broken glass
what is the source of chemical hazards?
preservatives and reagents
what is the source of radioactive hazards?
equipment and radioisotopes
what is the source of an electrical hazard?
ungrounded or wet equipment; frayed cords
what is the source of fire/explosive hazards?
open flames, organic chemicals
what is the source of physical hazards?
wet floors, heavy boxes, patients
What is/are the possible injury/injuries - biologic?
-bacterial
-fungal
-viral
-PRIONS
-parasitic infections
What is/are the possible injury/injuries - sharps?
- cuts
- punctures
- blood borne pathogen exposure
What is/are the possible injury/injuries - chemical?
-exposure to toxic
- carcinogenic
- caustic agents
What is/are the possible injury/injuries - radioactive?
radiation exposure
What is/are the possible injury/injuries - electrical?
burns or shock
What is/are the possible injury/injuries - fire/explosives?
burns or disemberment
What is/are the possible injury/injuries - physical?
-falls
-sprains
-strains
What is the CHAIN OF INFECTION for biologic hazards?
a continuous link (6-links) on understanding on how microorganisms are transmitted
What are infectious agents of a biological hazard?
Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites, Viruses, Prions
What are considered reservoirs of a biologic hazard?
Animals, Humans, Fomites, Insects, Blood, Body fluids
what are portals of exit for biologic hazards?
Nose, Mouth, Mucous membranes
what is the mode of transmission of biologic hazards?
Droplet, Airborne, Contact, Vector, Vehicle
what are portals of entry of biologic hazards?
Nose, Mouth, Mucous membranes, Skin, Unsterile equipment
what are susceptible hosts for biologic hazards?
Patients, Elderly, Newborns, Immuno-compromised, Healthcare workers
What makes up the 3 LINKS of a biological hazard (or all hazards??)?
-infectious agent/source
-mode of transmission
- susceptible host
TYPES OF MODES OF TRANSMISSION:
Centrifugation of unstoppered tubes
AIRBORNE/AEROSOL
TYPE OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
Heating cultures of specimens too rapidly
AIRBORNE/AEROSOL
TYPE OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
Sterilization
of inoculating loops in the bunsen burner flame
AIRBONE/AEROSOL
TYPE OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
Leakage from acontainer that holds
contaminated specimens
AIRBONE/AEROSOL
TYPE OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
Broken centrifuge and spills
AIRBORNE/AEROSOL
TYPE OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
Failures to wash hand
INGESTION
TYPE OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
Eating
INGESTION
TYPE OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
Drinking
ingestion
TYPE OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
Smoking,
INGESTION
TYPE OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
Applying cosmetics
INGESTION
TYPE OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
PIPPETING WITH MOUTH
INGESTION
TYPE OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
NEEDLESTICKS
DIRECT INOCULATION
TYPE OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
BROKEN GLASS
DIRECT INOCULATION
TYPE OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
ANIMAL BITES
DIRECT INOCULATION
TYPE OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
SMALL SCRATCHES
DIRECT INOCULATION
TYPE OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
Infection may occur if the organism can directly enter through the mucous membranes such as
through the conjunctiva of the eye
MUCOUS MEMBRANE
TYPE OF MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
Infectious source indudes ticks, fleas, and mosquitos, which may harbor various
microorganisms
ARTHROPODS/VECTOR
What is the ULTIMATE GOAL of BIOLOGICAL SAFETY?
The ultimate goal of biological safety is to prevent completion of the chain by preventing transmission
What is the UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION?
- All patients are assumed to be possible carriers of bloodborne pathogens. Under UP, body fluids and
secretions that did not contain visible blood were exempt. - Recommends performing handwashing after removal of gloves.
This is not limited to bloodborne pathogens and considers all body fluids and moist body substances to be potentially infectious
Body Substance Isolation
What is a disadvantage of BSI?
it does not recommend handwashing after removing gloves unless visual contamination is present
are infection prevention practices that are applied to all patients in all health
care settings and that address not only the protection of health care personnel but also the
prevention of patient-to-patient and health care worker-to-patient transmission (i.e., nosocomial
transmission) of infectious agents.
Standard precaution
It also dictates that standards or calibrators, quality control materials, and proficiency testing
materials be handled like all other laboratory specimens.
Standard precaution
It combines the major features of UP and BSI into a single guideline.
standard precautions
Under Standard Precautions, all body fluids, secretions, and excretions (except sweat) are considered what?
considered
potentially infectious and capable of disease transmission.
What is another term for PHYSICAL hazard?
Ergonomic hazard
How many links in the chain of infection? GIVE THE BEST ANSWER.
3 link
What is the 6-link of chain of infection composed of?
- Infectious agent
- reservoir
- portal of exit
- mode of transmission
- portal of entry
- susceptible host
*IREMES
Complete the 3-link of chain of infection:
infectious agent/source - mode of transmission - ???
susceptible host
how do you break the link: MODE OF TRANSMISSION
- Hand hygiene
- Standard precautions
- PPE
- Patient isolation
How do you break the link: SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
- Immunizations
- patient isolation
- nursery precautions
- healthy lifestyle
how do you break the link: reservoir
- disinfection
- hand hygiene
how do you break the link: PORTAL OF ENTRY
- Hand hygiene
- standard precautions
- PPE
- sterile equipment
How do you break the link: PORTAL OF EXIT
- sealed biohazardous waste containers
- sealed specimen containers
- hand hygiene
- standard precautions
What is the BEST way to break the chain of infection?
HANDWASHING
What is the COLOR of the biohazard symbol?
FLUORESCENT ORANGE (best answer) or RED ORANGE
This precaution only includes BLOODBORNE pathogens
Universal precaution
In this precaution, other body fluids and secretions that do not contain visible blood are exempted
universal precaution
this corrects the disadvantage in UP, but does NOT recommend handwashing
BSI
This precaution combines inclusions in UP + BSI
SP - Standard precaution
Al biologic waste, EXCEPT ????, must be placed in appropriate containers labeled with biohazard symbol.
except URINE
What is the proper way of disposing urine?
by pouring it into a laboratory sink under a Plexigas countertop shield.
These must be sterilized or decontaminated before disposal
Al biological specimens, except urine
The laboratory sink should be disinfected using what?
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE or 0.5% BLEACH (zonrox)
Disinfection of the sink with sodium hypochlorite should have a dilution of??
1:5 or 1:10
How often should be the laboratory sink disinfected?
PERFORMED DAILY
How is the preparation of 0.5% (1:10) bleach solution done?
1 part of bleach (6% sodium hypochlorite) + 9 parts of water
Another way of preparation of 0.5% bleach solution?
1 part of bleach (8.25% sodium hypochlorite) + 14 parts of water
How many parts of water must be added if 8.25% sodium hypochlorite is utilized?
14 parts of water
how many days/weeks will a 1:10 bleach solution be stable for?
Stable for 1 week
T/F: Discard the empty urine container in a waste container containing a biohazard symbol
F.
Discard in a NON-biologically hazardous waste container
T/F: Noninfectious glass such as empty reagent bottles and nonhazardous waste such as emptied urine containers are considered
normal waste and require no special precautions for disposal
TRUE
This is used most often in the clinical laboratory
Bleach or a phenolic disinfectant
What to do with a body fluid spill?
- Absorb first with a solid absorbent power (e.g. Zorbitrol) or disposable towels
All sharp objects must be disposed where?
in puncture-resistant, leak-proof container ‘with the biohazard symbol.
At what direction is the syringe of the SHARP HAZARD symbol?
syringe is facing NORTHWEST
What is the proper labeling of reagents and chemicals?
poisonous, corrosive, flammable, explosive, teratogenic, or carcinogenic
Hazardous chemicals should be labeled with a description based on their what?
description of their PARTICULAR HAZARD
In case of chemical spills, when skin contact occurs, the best aid is to what?
to FLUSH the area with large amounts of water
In case of chemical spills, when skin contact occurs, the best aid is to flush the area with large amount of water for at least how long?
for at least 15 MINUTES
In case of chemical spills, when skin contact occurs, the best aid is to flush with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, and then what?
then seek medical attentionw
what is the rule in aiding in case of chemical spills?
NEVER ATTEMPT TO NEUTRALIZE! (e.g splashed with acid then you will attempt to neutralize it with a base fluid.) NEVER ATTEMPT TO NEUTRALIZE if NATAPUNAN. pero pwede kung wala sa skin.
This contains the information about the chemical
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
What is the symbol for dangerous chemicals??
Skull with two crossbones
The MSDS includes what information?
- physical and chemical characteristics
- fire and explosion potential
- reactivity potential
- health hazards and emergency first aid procedures
- methods for safe handling and disposal
- primary route of entry
According to ???, chemical labels must now include 5 specific elements
United Nations Global Harmonization System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS)
What are the 5 specific elements according to the United Nations Global Harmonization System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals?
1-product identifier (name)
2-a signal word: danger or warning
3-hazard statements
4-precautionary statements and pictograms
5- supplier identification
what is the proper way of mixing acids and water?
Always add ACID to water
*get get AW!
*Water first before ACID
What is the rule to properly hold a reagent bottle?
Never grasp a rngt bottle by the neck or top
What is good laboratory practice in flushing rgnts into a sink or drain?
Flush with copious amounts of water following the disposal of aqueous rgnts
the amount of radiation exposure is related to what?
related to combination of time, distance, and shielding
what is the term that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus
teratogen(ic)
All electric equipment must be grounded with what?
THREE-PRONGED PLUGS
When an accident involving electrical shocks, what must be done?
- Turn off the circuit breaker
- unplug the equipment
- move the equipment using a nonconductive glass or wood object
*our flesh is a conductor since we have electrons in our body
what is the purpose of the 3rd plug in a three-prong plug?
to regulate the voltage and to prevent grounding
What is the description of the logo for electrical hazards?
2 lightning bolts and vertically positioned facing the “high voltage” sign
when a fire is discovered, people are expected to what?
-rescue
-alarm
-contain
-extinguish/evacuate
*RACE
how to operate a fire extinguisher?
-pull the pin
-Aim at the base of the fire
-Squeeze handles
-Sweep nozzle SIDE TO SIDE
*Twist
What fire type is caused by ORDINARY COMBUSTIBLES?
Class A
Class A fire types are caused by what?
ordinary combustibles: (Wood, paper, clothing/garments/plastic)
*Ardinary combustibles
*A for APOY
what fire type is caused by flammable organic chemical/liquids?
Class B
class B fire types are caused by what?
flammable organic chemicals/liquids (gasoline, paints, oil)
*B for BASA
What fire type is caused by electrical equipment?
Class C fire
Class C fires are caused by what?
electrical equipment (machines, motor switches, plugs)
*C for Curyente
What fire type is caused by combustible metals?
Class D
Class D fire types are caused by what?
Combustible metals (Hg, Mg, Na, and Li)
*meDal mo gawa sa metal
What fire type is caused by detonation or arsenal fire?
Class E
*arsEnal
Class E fire type is caused by what?
Detonation or arsenal fires
Class K fire types are caused by what?
Grease, oils, fats
*K for kawali/kusina
Grease, oils, or fats cause what type of fires?
class K fires
What fire extinguisher should be utilized for class A fires?
-water
-dry chemicals
-steam
what fire extinguisher is used for class B fires?
-dry chemicals
-carbon dioxide
- foam
- halon
what type of fire extinguishers should be used for class C fires?
-dry chemicals
-carbon dioxide
- halon (best for computer devices)
this fire extinguisher is best used for computer devices
halon
What fire extinguisher should be used for class D fires?
-sand or dry powder
-metal X
a dry chemical fire extinguisher can be used for what fire types?
for class fires A, B, and C
how to extinguish class E fires?
allowed to burn out and nearby materials are protected
how to extinguish class K fires?
liquid designed to prevent splashing and cool the fire
*Class K for Kool the fire
What are the general precautions for physical or ergonomic hazrads?
1-avoid running in rooms and hallways
2-watch for wet floors
3-bend knees when lifting heavy objects
4-keep long hair pulled back
5-avoid dangling jewelry
6-maintain a clean organized work area
7-use closed-toe shoes
hand hygiene includes both what?
both hand washing and using alcohol based antiseptic cleansers
This is the primary method of infection transmission
hand contact
Father of hand washing
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
Used when hands are NOT VISIBLY SOILED
Alcohol based cleansers
Used when hands are VISIBLY SOILED
Hand washing
when to use handsanitizers vs handwashing?
Use alcohol-based cleansers when hands are NOT VISIBLY SOILED. On the other hand, use handwashing when hands are VISIBLY SOILED
What are the 3 handwashing songs?
1-HBD
2-twinkle 2x
3-Alphabet song
CDC Hand washing procedure
1-wet hands with warm water
2-apply anti-microbial soap
3-rub from a lather, create friction and loosen debris
4- thoroughly clean between fingers, including thumbs, under fingernails and rings, and up to the wrist, for at least 15 /20 seconds
5-rince hands in a downward position
6-dry with a paper towel
7-turn off faucets with a clean paper towel to prevent recontamination
what is the last step in handwashing?
turn off faucetss with a CLEAN PAPER TOWEL to prevent recontamination
the most important step in handwashing is?
Rubbing/applying friction
complete the chain of infection: Source/causative agent - transmission - ???
Susceptible host
how many quadrants in the NFPA Diamond symbol?
4
*You Were Born to be an Rmt
What color in the NFPA Diamond: Reactivity/Stability
Yellow
What color in the NFPA Diamond: Specific Hazard
White
What color in the NFPA Diamond: Fire hazard
Red
What color in the NFPA Diamond: Health hazard
Blue
This is the blue color in the NFPA diamond
Health hazard
this hazard is color yellow in the NFPA diamond
Reactivity/stability hazard
this is color white in the NFPA diamond
Specific hazard
What is the grading for reactivity in the NFPA diamond?
4 - May detoriorate
3- shock and heat may deteriorate
2-violent chemical change
1-unstable if heated
0-stable
*SUV SM - Sumakay ka ng UV pa-SM
Reactivity hazard is a.k.a?
stability hazard
What are specific hazards?
-oxidizer (OXY)
-acid (ACID)
-Corrosive (COR)
-Use no water (W with line in the mid)
-Radiation
What is the grading for health hazards?
4-Deadly
3-Extreme danger
2-hazardous
1-Slightly hazardous
0-normal material
*NSHED
What is the grading/flash points for fire hazards?
4- below 73 F
3-below 100 F
2- Below 200 F
1-Above 200 F
0- Will not burn
Degree of hazard?
0 - No hazard
1+ - slight hazard
2+ - moderate hazard
3+ - serious hazard
4+ - Extreme hazard
*No SMS Ex - Wag mo na itext si ex
What NFPA grading is considered as the most hazardous?
4
What is the proper grading for NFPA?
0 - 4
what NFPA grading is considered as the least hazardous
0
What OSHA grading is considered as the most severe hazard?
1
What OSHA grading is considered as the least severe hazard?
4
What is the grading for OSHA?
1-4
