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Microbial biotech > KK Lecture 7 > Flashcards

KK Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered antibiotics?

A

Sir Alexander Fleming (1928)

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2
Q

Flory and Chain (1938) discovered what?

A

That B lactins are enzymes that are active against Gram positive bacteria and target repeating unit of NAG and NAM in cell wall.

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3
Q

Different types of penicillins?

A

Natural and semi-synthetic pencillins

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4
Q

What are secondary metabolites?

A

They are compounds produced by organisms which is not involved in normal process

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5
Q

Types of Beta-lactams?

A

Penicillins and Cephalosporins

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6
Q

When are antibiotics produced?

A

In the stationary phase

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7
Q

What is catabolite repression?

A

When there is too much glucose or enzymes present it will decrease antibiotic and enzyme production

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8
Q

How can antibiotic production be optimized?

A

-Add small amount of glucose
-Isolate a mutant that is not catabolite repressed

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9
Q

What is the two-stage fermentation of antibiotic production?

A
  1. Sporulation
  2. Stationary phase
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10
Q

Antibiotics can be produced using with what two fermentations?

A

-Film fermentation
-Continuous fermentation

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11
Q

Fermentation process of antibiotic steps:

A
  1. Media preparation
  2. Heat sterilization
  3. Fermnetation
  4. Culture
  5. Biomass removal
  6. Solvent addition
  7. Centrifugal extraction
  8. Drying
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12
Q

What is the media?

A

Medium consists of the carbon source which is found in corn steel liquor and glucose

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13
Q

How is the medium sterilized?

A

With high heat and high pressure

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14
Q

Fermentation system and conditions?

A

Fed batch is used as penicillin is a secondary metabolite.
Optimum conditions:
20-45 degrees and a ph of 6-6.5

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15
Q

How is seed culture developed?

A

It is developed by the addition of penicillium spores into a liquid medium. When the culture is grown it is inoculated into the fermenter

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16
Q

How is the biomass removed?

A

Using a rotary vacuum filter

17
Q

How is the ph maintained?

A

By using phosphoric acid the ph remains between 6-6.5

18
Q

Why is solvent added?

A

The solvent butyl acetate is added so the penicillin can dissolve in the filtrate

19
Q

What is centrifugal extraction?

A

A process done to separate the solid waste from the liquid solution that contains the penicillin.

20
Q

What is drying?

A

Drying completely removes the moisture content from the penicillin salt.

21
Q

Factors affecting penicillin production:

A
  1. Nitrogen and Phosphorous repression
  2. Feed back inhibition
22
Q

Nitrogen and Phosphorus repression:

A

When there are high levels of nitrogen or phosphorus antibiotics production will decrease.

23
Q

Feed-back inhibition

A

Antibiotics can be toxic is the intracellular levels are too high.
So to lower them polyene is added.

24
Q

Optimisation of antibiotic synthesis:

A
  1. Random mutagenesis and selection of fungus
  2. Mate antibiotic producing strains to create hybrides
  3. Target mutagenesis with a phage.
  4. Rational selection
  5. Protoplast fusion
  6. Cloning
25
Q

Which type of bacteria can penicillin treat?

A

Gram positive bacteria

26
Q

Study in USA (1941-1945)

A

Discovered that P. Chrysogenum&raquo_space; P.notatum
And that submerged fermentation&raquo_space; surface fermentation.

27
Q

What are Beta-lactams

A

They are enzymes that bacteria have that make them resistant to certain antibiotics.

28
Q

How does Beta-lactams work?

A

They break the bond of the B-lactan ring of the antibiotics which disables it.

29
Q

Beta-lactams antibiotics? (Antibiotics that bacteria possessing beta lactams is resistant against)

A

-Penicllin
- Cephalosporin
-Penems
-Carbopenems

30
Q

What are semi-synthetic penicillin.

A

They are derived or natural penicillin but with different characteristics such as the ability to overcome bacterial resistance.
-Penicillin F,G and V
—Penicillin G is the most dominate form produced

31
Q

How semi-synthetic pencillin is made

A

Penicillin G or V is treated with penicillin acylsase to become 6-aminopenicillanic acid which becomes the semi-synthetic penicillin.

32
Q
  1. Antibiotics against infections:
A

Griseofulvin is a chlorine containing compound that fights against the dermatophytic infection.
Fungus: Penicillium griseofulvin

33
Q
  1. Antibiotics against infections:
A

Fusidic acid (fucidin) is a steroid derived drug used to fight against MRSA skin infection.
Fungus: fusidium coccineum

34
Q

What is gliotoxin and what are it’s function?

A

It is a mycotoxin.
Functions:
-it is also involved in the redox balance in fungi.
-immunosuppressive agent

35
Q

What fungus produces gliotoxin?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

36
Q

What happens when neutrophil is active?

A

When the neutrophil is active superoxide is produced and degranulation occurs

Microbial biotech (2 decks)

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