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Cardiology > Kirks And Ettinger > Flashcards

Kirks And Ettinger Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 causes of sick sinus syndrome?

A

1- mutation in cardiac Na channels or smooth muscles
2- dysfunction of ryanodine receptors
3- fibrosis

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2
Q

Which breed is predisposed to persistent atrial standstill?

A

English springer spaniel

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3
Q

Which 4 breeds are predisposed to second degree AV block ?

A

Chow-chow
Cocker
German pointer
Labrador

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4
Q

Neurocardiogenic reflex is mediated by which cardiac fibers ?

A

C

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5
Q

Hycoscyamine/methylxantine and terbutaline are which types of drug and can be use to address which heart disease?

A

Anticholinergic and B-agonist

AV-block

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6
Q

What are the 5 classes of anti-arrhythmic

A 
(NoBody Kills Cats # Dog)
I- Na (Lidocaine)
II- B-blocker (atenolol)
III- K potassium channel blockers (sotalol, amiodarone)
IV - Ca (diltiazem)
V - Digoxin
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7
Q

What triggers cascade of compensatory effects happens with CHF

A

Vasoconstriction (from sympathetic, RAAS and endothelial system)
Retention of sodium / water (via altered renal blood flow and NE)
Inflammation and growth promoting factors

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8
Q

NT proBNP over 1500 increases risks of decompensation within ___ months

A

6-12 months

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9
Q

What is the primary treatment for atrial tear ?

A

Decrease atrial pressure through preload reduction

NO pimobendan

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10
Q

What are the 5 main causes of pulmonary hypertension ?

A

Idiopathic, TE, pulmonary diseases, L-R shunt, L CHF

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11
Q

Mutation in the gene for pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 is seen is which breed, with which heart disease ?

A

Doberman pinsher

DCM

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12
Q

What are the 4 breeds mainly predisposed to DCM

A

Doberman, Irish Wolffhouds, great danes and Newfoundlands

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13
Q

S3 can be heard in dogs with DCM because of ____

A

Increased left ventricular filling pressure

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14
Q

Genetic deletion mutation in the 3’ untranslated region of striatin (desmosomal protein) is seen with which heart disease ?

A

ARVC

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15
Q

In patients with ARVV, a positive response is considered when ___

A

you see > 80-85% of reduction in VPC

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16
Q

Which pressor should be use in animals with CHF?

A

Dobutamine

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17
Q

Name the 3 elements in the Virchow’s triad

A

Endothelial injury
Blood stasis
Hypercoagulable state

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18
Q

Chronic pericardial effusion results in ___ sided heart failure

A

right

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19
Q

In heartworm diseases, Antigens detect ___ and Antibodies detect ____

A

Reproductive tract of mature female

Exposure to L4

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20
Q

How long does the HW cycle takes in dogs ? cats?

A

6-7 months

7-8 months

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21
Q

Which stage does the female mosquito ingest following a blood meal from an infected animal?

A

L1

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22
Q

Which stages develop within mosquito ?

A

L1-L3

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23
Q

Caval syndrome in HW infection is associated with ___

A

High burden, severe PH and right ventricular dysfunction

do not use adulticide at that stage

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24
Q

Which intracellular negative bacteria contribute to pulmonary and renal inflammation through WSP protein in animals affected by HWD

A

Wolbachia

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25
Q

During endocarditis, disruption of the endothelium triggers coagulation on the damaged endothelium, which allows bacteria to bind, if ____

A

They possess adhesive molecules or are resistant to platelet bactericial proteins or evade IS by internalization

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26
Q

Which 4 breeds are predisposed to endocarditis

A

German Shepherd, boxer, golden and labrador

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27
Q

Which are the 3 most common bacterial involve in mitral endocarditis ?

A

Staphyloccocus, strep, and E.coli

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28
Q

Bartonella affects which valve ?

A

Aortic

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29
Q

Which bacterial infection can lead to myocarditis in cats ?

A

Toxoplasmosis

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30
Q

PDA results in communication between ______ and ____

A

Descending aorta
Main pulmonary artery
(both will be dilated on radiographs)

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31
Q

Which 2 breeds are predisposed to subvalvular PS ?

A

Boxer and English bulldog

this form cannot be balloon dilated

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32
Q

PS in inherited in ___

A

Beagles

33
Q

PS results in __ sided heart failure

A

right

34
Q

Which 2 breeds are genetically predisposed to SAS?

A

Newfoundland and Dogue de Bordeaux

35
Q

In which breed SAS is familial ?

A

Golden

36
Q

SAS impedes ventricular ejection, which results in ___ ___ ___ hypertrophy

A

Left venticular concentric hypertrophy

37
Q

Positive atropine response test signifies that bradycardia is caused by ___

A

high vagal tone

38
Q

TVD is inherited in ___

A

Labrador

39
Q

TVD results in which 2 changes on ECG

A

Splintered QRS and P pulmonale

40
Q

Shunting across VSD is from ___ ventricle into ___ ventricle

A

Left (high pressure)

Right (low pressure)

41
Q

What is the target BP of dogs and cats

A

Dogs: 140-150 mmHg
Cats: < 160 mmHg

42
Q

The sum of all forces that oppose the ejection of blood from the ventricles is name ___

A

Afterload

43
Q

Response to heart failure includes those 5 mechanisms:

A
  • Increase adrenergic nervous system
  • RAAS activation
  • overexpression of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides
  • Increased endothelin and arginin vasopressin
  • Proinflammatory cytokines
44
Q

What are the effects of natriuretic peptides ?

A

-Opposite of RAAS

natriuresis, vasorelaxation, inhibit release of renin and aldosterone

45
Q

Which natriuretic peptide has the longest half-life

A

BNP

46
Q

Release of ADH depend on ___ and ____

A

osmolality, hypovolemia

47
Q

What are the 3 roles of adrenomedullin

A

Natriuretic
Vasodilator
Inotropin

48
Q

What is the law of laplace ?

A

It says that pressure overload increases wall
thickness
(up until the myocardial perfusion is overwheelmed = hypoxia = myocardial death and fibrosis)

49
Q

What are the causes of PAC? (4)

A

Atrial lesions, Hyperthyroidism, hemangiosarcoma, digitalis toxicosis

50
Q

What non-cardiac causes can result in VPC ? (5)

A 
HypoK
Anemia
Trauma
GDV
Abdominal mass
51
Q

Which breed is predisposed to torsade de pointe?

A

Dalmatian

52
Q

What is the treatment for torsade de pointe?

A

Mg

53
Q

What electrolyte abnormality and which medication can result in 3rd degree AV block?

A

HyperK

Dexmedetomidine

54
Q

Which BBB is an incidental finding and which is related to left ventricular enlargement?

A

Right

Left

55
Q

In regard to excitability, what is the result of those electrical abnormalities?

  • hypokaliemia
  • hyperkalemia
  • hypocalcemia
A
  • decrease resting membrane potential (excitability)
  • increases resting potential
  • lowers threshold
56
Q

Which breed is predisposed to SSS?

A

Female miniature schnauzer

57
Q

Which congenital disease leads to a split second sound on auscultation?

A

ASD

58
Q

Which breed is predisposed to VSD?

A

Maine coon

59
Q

Which breed is predisposed to tricuspid valve insufficiency?

A

Male Labrador

60
Q

Which breed is predisposed to mitral valve dysplasia?

A

Bull terrier

61
Q

PS results in which kind to hypertrophy?

A

Concentric right ventricular

62
Q

Aortic stenosis is seen in which breed?

A

Newfoundland

63
Q

Aortic stenosis results in which hypertrophy?

A

Concentric left ventricular

64
Q

Which congenital heart disease can predispose to endocarditis?

A

Aortic stenosis

65
Q

Which 2 breeds are predisposed to mitral valve disease?

A

CKC and dachshund

66
Q

Which side of heart enlargement leads to taller wave? Which to prolonged wave ?

A

Right

Left

67
Q

What are the major criteria for endocarditis?

A
  • Vegetative lesion / erosion/ abscess
  • New valvular insufficiency
  • 2-3 positive blood cultures
68
Q

What are the minor criteria for endocarditis?

A
  • fever
  • > 15 kg dog
  • TE
  • immune mediated disease
  • bartonella serology
  • 1 positive blood culture
69
Q

Doberman are predisposed to DCM from which mutation?

A

PDK4

70
Q

Which breed (2) get DCM has young dogs?

A

Portuguese Water Dogs

Toy Manchester terrier

71
Q

Fibrous fatty infiltrate of the right ventricular free wall is associated with which disease?

A

ARVC

72
Q

Which breed is predisposed to HCM?

A

Male Maine coon

73
Q

Which mutation predispose Maine coon to HCM?

A

MyBPC

74
Q

Endomyocardial fibrosis with distinct tubular lesion bridging the IVS and LVFW result in which heart disease?

A

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

75
Q

Cats synthesize taurine from _____

A

Cysteine

76
Q

Which nutrient is use exclusively for bile acid conjugation ?

A

Taurine

77
Q

Segmental left ventricular hypertrophy, regional hypokinesia, and marked LAE is seen in which heart disease?

A

Unclassified cardiomyopathy

78
Q

Which 2 breeds are predisposed to peritoneopericardial hernia?

A

Maine coon

Weimaraner

79
Q

Macrocyclic lactone terminates which stage of HWD?

A

L3 and L4

Cardiology (2 decks)

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