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Pre-Conquest > Kings > Flashcards

Kings Flashcards

1
Q

Archbishop of Canterbury in Coenwulf’s reign

A

Wulfred

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2
Q

Issues Coenwulf had with Archbishop of Canterbury

A
  • Fighting over two rich monasteries
  • Wulfred wins
  • Coenwulf takes it to Rome and has Wulfred declared wrong and suspended
  • c. 808 - Coenwulf’s death and even beyond
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3
Q

Ceolwulf I

A

821-823, Mercia

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4
Q

Coenwulf

A

796-821, Mercia

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5
Q

Ceolwulf I’s issues

A

Trouble maintaining support
Anonymous coins without his name on them
Deposed after 2 yrs by Beornwulf

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6
Q

Ecgberht

A

King of Wessex 802-839

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7
Q

Ceolwulf’s successes

A

Conquered Powys
Ruled Kent directly

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8
Q

9th c. Mercia

A

Infighting between C, B and W dynasties

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9
Q

Battle of Ellendun

A

825, ended the Mercian supremacy with Ecgbert’s victory over Beornwulf

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10
Q

Unusual about Judith

A

Named queen in Wessex when married in 856, unprecendented, likely owing to power of Charles the Bald

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11
Q

Rulers during Æthelwulf’s pilgrimage

A

Æthelbald King of Wessex
Æthelberht King of Kent

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12
Q

Proof Æthelberht (W) wasn’t subregulus to Æthelbald

A

Only coins minted in Æthelberht’s name in Kent 858-60

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13
Q

Why Æthelbald of Wessex revolt

A

Judith and Æthelwulf’s potential children would have a higher status than him
Also some nobles didn’t like Judith being named as queen as it wasn’t the custom

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14
Q

Divided Kingdom of Wessex

A

Either Æthelbald kept Kingship of Wessex and Æthelberht gave up Kent to Æthelwulf
Or Æthelberht kept Kent and Æthelbald (west) and Æthelwulf (east) split Wessex between them

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15
Q

Result of Æthelbald’s death

A

Æthelberht king of Wessex and Kent as a unified nation

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16
Q

Æthelbald (W) rule

A

855-60

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17
Q

Æthelberht’s rule (W)

A

860-865

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18
Q

Alfred’s rule

A

871-899

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19
Q

Æthelred (W) rule

A

865-871

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20
Q

Evidence of friendliness between Wessex and Mercia mid 9th c.

A
  • Berhtwulf and Æthelwulf shared a moneyer and had coins made with the same dye-cutter
  • Berhtwulf’s son Bergred married Æthelwulf’s daughter (853)
  • Bergred and Æthelwulf campaign against the Welsh together (853)
  • Fight together against the Vikings
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21
Q

Debasement of coinage in Wessex

A

General debasement of coinage early 860s
Coin reform under Æthelberht - very pure silver coins
However no reform in Mercia so people hoarded Wessex coins
Æthelred gave in and adopted Mercian-style coinage

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22
Q

Offa

A

757-796

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23
Q

Offa’s control

A

Directly over pretty much everywhere
Not directly controlling Wessex, Northumbria or the Welsh but Wessex and Northumbria still acknowledged Offa’s overlordship

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24
Q

Offa and Kent

A

760-770 Offa and the 2 Kentish kings issue charters side by side = equal power
All had own coins
776-780 Offa vanishes

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25
Q

Offa and Dynasty

A
  • Consecrated his son Ecgfrith as king in his life time (imitating Charlemagne)
  • Has his son witness charters with him
  • Created Archbishopric of Lichfield 786 (because on bad terms with Canterbury) with support of Pope Hadrian
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26
Q

Offa’s Archbishopric

A

Lichfield, 786

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27
Q

Offa’s daughters

A

Charlemagne suggested his son Charles marry Offa’s daughter. Offa said only if his son married Charlemagne’s daughter.
Charlemagne offended by this.
Offa’s daughters marry the king of Northumbria and the King of Wessex - places not directly under Offa but now allied

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28
Q

Offa imitating others in coins

A
  • Offa’s Dinar, copying Islamic coinage, with islamic writing on it, but also Offa’s name
  • Some images of him make him resemble King David
  • Cross before his face mimics Constantine the Great
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29
Q

Where coins Offa

A

Minted in London and Canterbury and maybe Ipswich
Mainly found in the east rather than actually in the Mercian heartland (maybe because demonstrating control, or maybe because more trade)

30
Q

Tribal Hidage

A

List of Anglo-Saxon peoples arranged by size
Probably 7-8th c.
Unclear why it was written
Doesn’t include Northumbria
- so maybe from a Northumbrian perspective?
Refers to Oswald and Oswiu of Northumbria as king of all Britian
No mercian kings of britian
- mercian/northumbrian tensions

31
Q

Middle-Saxon shuffle

A

Moving across the land through generations
Ends in the 7th century
Ages of animals being slaughtered increase

32
Q

percentage of population that worked directly on the land pre 7th c.

A

c. 90%

33
Q

peak in crafts

A

8th c.
Lindesfarne Gospels, Codex Amiatinus, famous highly decorative embroidery

34
Q

Wearmouth-Jarrow Bible

A

Codex Amiatinus, 34 kg, made from over 300 animals. Three of these bibles were produced

34
Q

First English towns

A

Ipswich, Southampton, London, York in the 7th century
No monumental buildings, public spaces or central administrative buildings, instead a collection of workshops dedicated to intense production
All on the coast or on a large river - focus on trade

35
Q

Lundenwic placement

A

easy access to Wessex, Essex, Sussex and the sea and is part of Mercia

36
Q

Ipswich and York placement

A

more central in their kingdoms
(York = Northumbria, Ipswich = East Angles)

37
Q

Early Anglo-Saxon coins

A

Imitate Carolingian coins
Rarely give mint or date
Gold coins were debased with silver, and then became purely silver coins
Wide and bountiful distribution of coins
No dominating coinage, lots of mixing
No restrictions on the making of coins
Anyone could start a mint - churches and moneyers did so

38
Q

Raid on Lindesfarne

A

8th June 793

39
Q

Raids early 9th century

A

seems that raids stopped, but may be a lack of records

40
Q

9th c. viking raids

A

viking forces significantly larger - sometimes over 100 vessels
Stayed over winter, Kent 851
Not just monasteries on the coast any more, rich towns and populous places for hostages

41
Q

Vikings first winter in England

A

Kent, 851

42
Q

Evidence of ransoming objects vikings

A

Stockholm Codex Aureus, Alfred bought back the codex and gave it to Canterbury Cathedral
Very well preserved - lack of damage despite ransoming

43
Q

The Great Army

A

865-early 880s
Conquering and settling
“Made peace” - probs tribute

44
Q

The Great Army progress

A

Started in East Anglia 865 and then to Northumbria 867 took York killed claimants to the throne

45
Q

Tactics of the Great Army

A

targeted centres of royal power - Chippenham, Repton etc.
Warfare very elite, so killing royals and nobles
Also likely these places had wealth and weapons
Sometimes had preexisting defenses they could use themselves

46
Q

Archaeological evidence for the Great Army and women

A

Almost half of viking finds in England 9th c. belonged to women (brooches, pendants etc.)

47
Q

Viking settlements

A

Torksey
Repton

48
Q

Torksey

A
  • natural island so defensible
  • actively engaged with locals
    woodworking, metalworking etc.
  • Coins from Mercia, Wessex and Northumbria (indicates contact? and movement?)
  • Hack metal, gold, silver dirhams etc.
49
Q

Repton

A

River on one side and a barrier on the other
Mass burial of over 200 individuals

50
Q

Alfred’s claim about learning

A

Very few new texts in Latin
Charters continued, but more evident of lack of learning when less formulaic
Coenwulf vs. archbishop Wulfred very bad
2nd half of 9th century even worse - lack of understanding of convention (witness lists being unrelated to charter)

51
Q

Truth of Latin

A
  • Severe drop-off in production of Latin books and composition of Latin texts
  • Severe decline in standards of Latin (charters)
  • Some regional variation, North doing much better than the south (Carmen de Abbatibus (810/820s) Latin long poem from Northumbria)
52
Q

Minsters in the 9th c. (aristocracy)

A
  • close relationship with aristocracy and royalty
  • secularisiation, used as storehouses etc.
53
Q

Minsters in the 9th c. (bishops)

A

interfering with the small minsters, basically becoming an overlord

54
Q

What happened to the minsters

A

significant portion survived to become ‘mother churches’ that had control over surrounding churches
- significantly varied geographically, most survival in the west esp. south west, much less survival in the east

55
Q

Consequences of the failing minsters

A

Fewer places able to produce manuscripts and books
not enough wealth, not enough educated people and a focus on their waning autonomy

56
Q

Land and population equation

A

High population = land expensive
Low population = land cheap

57
Q

Imma the thegn

A

was afraid to admit he was a thegn
his captors realised he was not a commoner because of his speech, appearance and bearing
Suggests that there is a distinction between the classes but perhaps not a particularly large one because it did take a while for his captors to work it out

58
Q

Æthelbald and the Church

A

Told to mend his ways in an angry letter from St. Boniface.
Stop taking church property and sleeping with nuns

59
Q

Æthelbald soft overlordship

A

East Angles - Life of St. Guthlac is dedicated to the king of the East Angles but spends a lot of time praising Æthelbald

60
Q

Offa and overlordship

A

South saxon rulers now Dux not kings any more
Kills claimant to the throne in EA. Ealdorman of Offa ruling the Hwicce. EA does have own kings for a long time though

61
Q

Offa and London

A

major powerbase
often emphasised on coins
Major mint in London

62
Q

Subrulers in Wessex

A

Called Prefectus
Suggests they were put in place by the king

63
Q

Ecgberht and his sons

A

Appoints Æthelwulf as subking in Kent

64
Q

Peace and cooperation Mercia/Wessex

A

Mid 9th c. fought together against the Welsh
Late 840s moneyers in London cooperating with moneyers in Rochester

65
Q

Old English before Alfred inscriptions

A

Inscriptions - The Ruthwell cross has latin and old english on being used for different purposes
Gold rings are inscribed with names of kings, makers, owners etc. Secular use of OE

66
Q

Old English manuscripts before Alfred

A

Cædmon’s Hymn
Account of Bede’s final days and death
Trace of an OE sermon
Legal and administrative documents (wills, lawcodes, boundary declarations, charter of Berhtwulf

67
Q

Old English / Latin equation

A

Expansion of OE often inversely proportional to use of Latin

68
Q

Æthelberht of Kent conversion

A

Converted shortly after 597
His wife was Merovingian (therefore Christian). Married on the condition she could be christian
Augustine’s mission landed in 597, and was greatly aided by Bertha

69
Q

Issue with the conversion in the east

A

Sæberht of the East Saxons and Æthelberht of Kent both die in c.616, leaving the area without any strong Christian patrons, as all their heirs were pagan

70
Q

Name of the Mercian coinage that Æthelred of Wessex adopted

A

Lunettes design

Pre-Conquest (6 decks)

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