Kingdom Animalia Flashcards
What are the characteristic features of kingdom animalia?
- Multicellular
- Heterotrophic eukaryotes: hey ingest food and digest them in the body using enzymes
- Cells of animals are organized into tissues
- Most of them reproduce sexually
- Some show radial symmetry and some other show bilateral symmetry
What is the mode of nutrition of kingdom animalia?
Heterotrophic eukaryotes: they ingest food and digest them in the body using enzymes
Write the features of phylum cnidaria
Majority of them are marine, except for a few fresh-water species. Some are macroscopic.
Simple organization: diploblastic (or just 2 body cell layers) an outer layer of ectoderm, and inner layer of endoderm, an acellular layer of mesoglea sandwiched between them
They have a simple gastrovascular cavity which is a sac, with a central digestive compartment. This cavity is lined by endoderm with a single opening (mouth) only.
They show radial symmetry with 2 body forms polyp and medusa. Polyps are cylindrical forms attached to the substrate by the aboral end of the body with tentacles found around the mouth.
Medusa resembles a flattened mouth-down version of polyps and they are free living.
Some cnidarians exist only as polyps or medusa. Others have both polyp and medusa forms in their life-cycles.
Reproduce sexually as well as asexually. Asexual reproduction is by budding
Tentacles are armed with cnidocytes which function in defense and capturing prey.
Cnidocytes are cells unique to cnidarians. They contain cnidae (capsule-like projections which protrude outwards)
Specialized cnidae containing a single thread for penetrating prey are called nematocysts.
No specialized respiratory organs. They respire through the body surface.
No specialized excretory system present. Excretion is through the body surface.
Ex: sea anemone, corals, jellyfish, Hydra, Obelia
What’s the habitat of cnidarians
Majority of them are marine, except for a few fresh-water species
Describe the organization of cnidarians
Some are macroscopic.
Simple organization: diploblastic (or just 2 body cell layers) an outer layer of ectoderm, and inner layer of endoderm, an acellular layer of mesoglea sandwiched between them
Describe the digestion of cnidarians
They have a simple gastrovascular cavity which is a sac, with a central digestive compartment. This cavity is lined by endoderm with a single opening (mouth) only.
Describe the symmetry of cnidarians
They show radial symmetry with 2 body forms polyp and medusa. Polyps are cylindrical forms attached to the substrate by the aboral end of the body with tentacles found around the mouth.
Medusa resembles a flattened mouth-down version of polyps and they are free living.
Some cnidarians exist only as polyps or medusa. Others have both polyp and medusa forms in their life-cycles.
How do cnidarians reproduce?
Reproduce sexually as well as asexually. Asexual reproduction is by budding
Describe how cnidarians capture prey
Tentacles are armed with cnidocytes which function in defense and capturing prey.
Cnidocytes are cells unique to cnidarians. They contain cnidae (capsule-like projections which protrude outwards)
Specialized cnidae containing a single thread for penetrating prey are called nematocysts.
What do cnidocytes function in?
Defense and capturing of prey
What are cnidae?
capsule-like projections found in cnidocytes of cnidarians which protrude outwards
What are nematocysts?
Specialized cnidae containing a single thread for penetrating prey are called nematocysts.
Give examples for cnidarians
Ex: sea anemone, corals, jellyfish, Hydra, Obelia
Describe the features of phylum Platyhelminthes
Commonly known as flatworms
Free living (Planaria) or parasitic (flukes and tapeworms)
They are found in marine, freshwater and in damp terrestrial habitats.
Body is dorsoventrally flattened. Some have an elongated tape-like body form without true segmentation
Triploblastic with all 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) Signs of cephalization present but not distinct.
No body cavities, circulatory, respiratory and skeletal systems. Gaseous exchange is by simple diffusion through body wall
Sensory organs are only found in free-living examples. Eye spots are found in the head.
Free-living forms have cilia for locomotion
First appearance of a little complex nervous and sensory system. A pair of anterior ganglion and 2 longitudinal nerve cords on the central nervous system.
Appearance of separate organs for excretion: nitrogenous excretory system consists of protonephridia. These are a network of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bubbles. These are used to maintain the osmotic balance.
They have an incomplete digestive system with only a mouth without an anus. A branched gastrovascular cavity is present for digestion. Some have an eversible pharynx.
Some show asexual reproduction by fragmentation. Bisexual, but show internal cross-fertilization. In parasitic forms, there are several larval stages. In free living forms, there’s direct development without the larval stages.
Ex: Planaria, Taenia, Fasciola
What is phylum platyhelminthes commonly known as?
Flatworms
Give examples for free living and parasitic forms of phylum platyhelminthes
Free living (Planaria) , parasitic (flukes and tapeworms)
What are the habitats of phylum platyhelminthes?
They are found in marine, freshwater and in damp terrestrial habitats.
Describe the body form of phylum platyhelminthes
Body is dorsoventrally flattened. Some have an elongated tape-like body form without true segmentation
Triploblastic with all 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) Signs of cephalization present but not distinct.
No body cavities, circulatory, respiratory and skeletal systems. Gaseous exchange is by simple diffusion through body wall
What systems do animals of phylum platyhelminthes lack?
body cavities, circulatory, respiratory and skeletal systems.
How does gaseous exchange in phylum platyhelminthes occur?
Gaseous exchange is by simple diffusion through body wall
Describe the sensory organs and nervous system of phylum platyhelminthes
Sensory organs are only found in free-living examples. Eye spots are found in the head.
First appearance of a little complex nervous and sensory system. A pair of anterior ganglion and 2 longitudinal nerve cords on the central nervous system.
Describe the excretion of phylum platyhelminthes
Appearance of separate organs for excretion: nitrogenous excretory system consists of protonephridia.
These are a network of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bubbles.
These are used to maintain the osmotic balance.
Describe the digestion of phylum platyhelminthes
They have an incomplete digestive system with only a mouth without an anus.
A branched gastrovascular cavity is present for digestion
Some have an eversible pharynx.
Describe the locomotion of phylum platyhelminthes
Free-living forms have cilia for locomotion
Describe the reproduction of phylum platyhelminthes
Some show asexual reproduction by fragmentation
Bisexual, but show internal cross-fertilization.
In parasitic forms, there are several larval stages.
In free living forms, there’s direct development without the larval stages.
Give examples for phylum platyhelminthes
Planaria, Taenia, Fasciola
What are protonephridia and name their function?
These are a network of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bulbs
They maintain osmotic balance.
Write the features of phylum nematoda
Most of them are free-living in the marine, few are fresh-water and damp soil environments, and parasitic in plants and animals.
They are bilaterally symmetrical. Triploblastic and pseudocoelomic. Their body forms are cylindrical with tapered ends.
Body size varies from microscopic to macroscopic
They don’t show distinct cephalization and segmentation. Sensory papillae are found in the anterior end of the body.
Body is covered by a thick cuticle and undergoes ecdysis.
No circulatory and respiratory systems. Gaseous exchange is by simple diffusion through the body wall.
They have an alimentary canal for digestion.
Body wall is composed of only longitudinal muscles. They don’t have special locomotory structures. Longitudinal muscles in the body wall are involved in locomotion.
Sexual reproduction is by internal fertilization. Sexes are separated and females are larger than males.
No developed excretory structures. Longitudinal excretory ducts with excretory pores on the body wall.
Ex: roundworms, hookworms, pinworms
Describe the habitats of phylum nematoda
Most of them are free-living in the marine, few are fresh-water and damp soil environments, and parasitic in plants and animals.
Describe the body form of phylum nematoda
They are bilaterally symmetrical. Triploblastic and pseudocoelomic. Their body forms are cylindrical with tapered ends.
Body size varies from microscopic to macroscopic
They don’t show distinct cephalization and segmentation. Sensory papillae are found in the anterior end of the body.
Body is covered by a thick cuticle and undergoes ecdysis.
What are the sensory structures of phylum nematoda? Where are they found?
Sensory papillae
Found in the anterior end of the body.
What systems do animals in phylum nematoda lack?
No circulatory and respiratory systems
How does digestion occur in phylum nematoda?
They have an alimentary canal for digestion.
How does locomotion occur in phylum nematoda?
Body wall is composed of only longitudinal muscles.
They don’t have special locomotory structures.
Longitudinal muscles in the body wall are involved in locomotion.
How do animals in phylum nematoda reproduce?
Sexual reproduction is by internal fertilization.
Sexes are separated and females are larger than males.
How does excretion occur in phylum nematoda?
No developed excretory structures. Longitudinal excretory ducts with excretory pores on the body wall
Give examples for animals in phylum nematoda
roundworms, hookworms, pinworms
What are the features of phylum annelida
They can be marine, freshwater or in damp soil
They are segmented worms with cylindrical bodies
They are triploblastic
Coelom (true body cavity) is present for the first time
The first animals to show cephalization
Well developed nervous system with dorsal cerebral ganglion, ventral nerve cord and circumentric connectives
Clitellum, parapodia, setae and suckers are found in some.
Clitellum secretes a cocoon, which is a sac where eggs are deposited and fertilization takes place.
Parapodia are used for locomotion and respiration.
Setae are present for locomotion.
Suckers are used for locomotion and ingestion in ecto-parasitic forms.
Ex: earthworms, ragworms, leeches
Name the habitats of phylum annelida
They can be marine, freshwater or in damp soil
Describe the body structure of phylum annelida
They are segmented worms with cylindrical bodies
They are triploblastic
Coelom (true body cavity) is present for the first time
The first animals to show cephalization
Describe the nervous system of phylum annelida
Well developed nervous system with dorsal cerebral ganglion, ventral nerve cord and circumentric connectives
What’s the function of clitellum?
Clitellum secretes a cocoon, which is a sac where eggs are deposited and fertilization takes place.
What is a cocoon?
It’s a sac where eggs are deposited and fertilization takes place in annelids
What’s the function of parapodia
Parapodia are used for locomotion and respiration.
What’s the function of setae?
Setae are present for locomotion.
What’s the function of suckers?
Suckers are used for locomotion and ingestion in ecto-parasitic forms
Give examples for animals in phylum annelida?
Earthworms
Ragworms
Leeches
What are the features of phylum mollusca?
Majority of them are marine. Some inhabit freshwater and land.
Some are bilaterally symmetrical, and a few are asymmetrical.
They are soft bodied and non-segmented
A calcareous shell is secreted as a protective exoskeleton
A shell could be internal or external
Coelomic.
The body’s divided into 3 parts
Muscular foot is used for locomotion
Visceral mass contains most internal organs
Mantle is to secrete the shell
Many molluscs possess radula (a minutely toothed chitinous ribbon) in the mouth for feeding
Most molluscs have separated sexes and their gonads are located in the visceral mass.
Gas exchange occurs through gills located at the mantle or mantle cavity.
Excretion is through metanephridia
Ex: oysters, clams, slugs, snails, octopus, squids. chitons , tusks, shells
Describe the body structure of molluscs
Some are bilaterally symmetrical, and a few are asymmetrical.
They are soft bodied and non-segmented
A calcareous shell is secreted as a protective exoskeleton
A shell could be internal or external
Coelomic.
The body’s divided into 3 parts
Muscular foot is used for locomotion
Visceral mass contains most internal
organs
Mantle is to secrete the shell
Describe the habitat of molluscs
Majority of them are marine. Some inhabit freshwater and land.
What are the 3 parts a mollusc’s body is divided into?
The body’s divided into 3 parts:
Muscular foot is used for locomotion
Visceral mass contains most internal
organs
Mantle is to secrete the shell
How does digestion occur in molluscs?
Many molluscs possess radula (a minutely toothed chitinous ribbon) in the mouth for feeding
What is radula?
minutely toothed chitinous ribbon in the mouth for feeding in many molluscs
Explain the gas exchange in molluscs
Gas exchange occurs through gills located at the mantle or mantle cavity
Explain the excretion in molluscs
Excretion is through metanephridia
Give examples for molluscs
oysters, clams, slugs, snails, octopus, squids. chitons , tusks, shells
Explain reproduction in molluscs
Most molluscs have separated sexes and their gonads are located in the visceral mass.
What are the features of phylum Arthropoda
One of the most successful animal groups on earth with the highest no. of species
They live everywhere: water, air and soil
They have segmented bodies with “joined legs”
They have a chitinous exoskeleton (skeleton on the outside) Because of these exoskeletons animals can’t grow continuously and need periodic molting.
The nervous system is well developed with a primitive dorsal brain
The nerve cord is solid, segmented and ventrally located
They have many and varied sense organs
They have an open blood circulatory system; blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities (haemocoel), where tissues are surrounded by blood. No capillaries.
Respiration:
In aquatic animals: Gills
In terrestrial animals: Tracheal system of chitinous tubes
In arachnids: Book lungs
Excretion is done by Malphigian tubules. They excrete uric acids.
Reproduction: sexes separate (dioecious)
What’s the habitat of arthropods
They live everywhere: water, air and soil
Describe the structure of arthropods
They have segmented bodies with “joined legs”
They have a chitinous exoskeleton (skeleton on the outside) Because of these exoskeletons animals can’t grow continuously and need periodic molting.
Why can’t arthropods grow continuously?
They have a chitinous exoskeleton (skeleton on the outside)
Because of these exoskeletons animals can’t grow continuously and need periodic molting.
Explain the nervous system of arthropods
The nervous system is well developed with a primitive dorsal brain
The nerve cord is solid, segmented and ventrally located
Describe the sense organs of arthropods
They have many and varied sense organs
Describe the blood circulatory system of arthropods
- They have an open blood circulatory system; blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities (haemocoel), where tissues are surrounded by blood.
- No capillaries
Describe the respiration of arthropods
In aquatic animals: Gills
In terrestrial animals: Tracheal system of
chitinous tubes
In arachnids: Book lungs
Describe the excretion of arthropods
Excretion is done by Malphigian tubules. They excrete uric acids.
Describe the reproduction of arthropods
Reproduction: sexes separate (dioecious)
What are the features of phylum Echinodermata
They are exclusively marine.
Triploblastic and coelomic, slow moving or sessile.
Adults show penta-radial symmetry without head and segmentation.
Larval forms are bilaterally symmetrical.
Thin epidermis covers the endoskeleton of hard, calcareous plates.
Water vascular system is a network by hydraulic canals branching into tube feet which function in locomotion and feeding.
Most echinoderms do gas exchange through the body surface and tube feet. Some respire through respiratory trees or papillae
Digestive system is usually complete, but the mouth is on the underside and anus on top of the animal’s surface.
Circulatory system is reduced and closed, without a heart.
They consist of a nerve ring and radial nerves.
No specialized excretory system is present.
Ex: Sea stars, brittle stars, sea lily, feather lily, sea cucumber, sea urchins, sand dollars
What’s the habitat of echinoderms?
They are exclusively marine.
Describe the body of echinoderms
Triploblastic and coelomic, slow moving or sessile.
Adults show penta-radial symmetry without head and segmentation.
Larval forms are bilaterally symmetrical.
Thin epidermis covers the endoskeleton of hard, calcareous plates.
What’s the water vascular system of echinoderms?
Water vascular system is a network by hydraulic canals branching into tube feet which function in locomotion and feeding.
How do echinoderms do gas exchange?
Most echinoderms do gas exchange through the body surface and tube feet.
Some respire through respiratory trees or papillae
Describe the digestion of echinoderms.
Digestive system is usually complete, but the mouth is on the underside and anus on top of the animal’s surface.
Describe the nervous system of echinoderms
They consist of a nerve ring and radial nerves.
Describe the circulatory system of echinoderms
Circulatory system is reduced and closed, without a heart.
Give examples for echinoderms
Sea stars, brittle stars, sea lily, feather lily, sea cucumber, sea urchins, sand dollars
Write 3 functions of tube feet
Feeding
Locomotion
Respiration
