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Biology III > Kingdom Animalia > Flashcards

Kingdom Animalia Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristic features of kingdom animalia?

A
  • Multicellular
  • Heterotrophic eukaryotes: hey ingest food and digest them in the body using enzymes
  • Cells of animals are organized into tissues
  • Most of them reproduce sexually
  • Some show radial symmetry and some other show bilateral symmetry
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2
Q

What is the mode of nutrition of kingdom animalia?

A

Heterotrophic eukaryotes: they ingest food and digest them in the body using enzymes

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3
Q

Write the features of phylum cnidaria

A

Majority of them are marine, except for a few fresh-water species. Some are macroscopic.

Simple organization: diploblastic (or just 2 body cell layers) an outer layer of ectoderm, and inner layer of endoderm, an acellular layer of mesoglea sandwiched between them

They have a simple gastrovascular cavity which is a sac, with a central digestive compartment. This cavity is lined by endoderm with a single opening (mouth) only.

They show radial symmetry with 2 body forms polyp and medusa. Polyps are cylindrical forms attached to the substrate by the aboral end of the body with tentacles found around the mouth.

Medusa resembles a flattened mouth-down version of polyps and they are free living.

Some cnidarians exist only as polyps or medusa. Others have both polyp and medusa forms in their life-cycles.

Reproduce sexually as well as asexually. Asexual reproduction is by budding
Tentacles are armed with cnidocytes which function in defense and capturing prey.

Cnidocytes are cells unique to cnidarians. They contain cnidae (capsule-like projections which protrude outwards)

Specialized cnidae containing a single thread for penetrating prey are called nematocysts.

No specialized respiratory organs. They respire through the body surface.

No specialized excretory system present. Excretion is through the body surface.

Ex: sea anemone, corals, jellyfish, Hydra, Obelia

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4
Q

What’s the habitat of cnidarians

A

Majority of them are marine, except for a few fresh-water species

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5
Q

Describe the organization of cnidarians

A

Some are macroscopic.

Simple organization: diploblastic (or just 2 body cell layers) an outer layer of ectoderm, and inner layer of endoderm, an acellular layer of mesoglea sandwiched between them

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6
Q

Describe the digestion of cnidarians

A

They have a simple gastrovascular cavity which is a sac, with a central digestive compartment. This cavity is lined by endoderm with a single opening (mouth) only.

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7
Q

Describe the symmetry of cnidarians

A

They show radial symmetry with 2 body forms polyp and medusa. Polyps are cylindrical forms attached to the substrate by the aboral end of the body with tentacles found around the mouth.

Medusa resembles a flattened mouth-down version of polyps and they are free living.

Some cnidarians exist only as polyps or medusa. Others have both polyp and medusa forms in their life-cycles.

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8
Q

How do cnidarians reproduce?

A

Reproduce sexually as well as asexually. Asexual reproduction is by budding

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9
Q

Describe how cnidarians capture prey

A

Tentacles are armed with cnidocytes which function in defense and capturing prey.

Cnidocytes are cells unique to cnidarians. They contain cnidae (capsule-like projections which protrude outwards)

Specialized cnidae containing a single thread for penetrating prey are called nematocysts.

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10
Q

What do cnidocytes function in?

A

Defense and capturing of prey

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11
Q

What are cnidae?

A

capsule-like projections found in cnidocytes of cnidarians which protrude outwards

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12
Q

What are nematocysts?

A

Specialized cnidae containing a single thread for penetrating prey are called nematocysts.

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13
Q

Give examples for cnidarians

A

Ex: sea anemone, corals, jellyfish, Hydra, Obelia

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14
Q

Describe the features of phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Commonly known as flatworms

Free living (Planaria) or parasitic (flukes and tapeworms)

They are found in marine, freshwater and in damp terrestrial habitats.

Body is dorsoventrally flattened. Some have an elongated tape-like body form without true segmentation

Triploblastic with all 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) Signs of cephalization present but not distinct.

No body cavities, circulatory, respiratory and skeletal systems. Gaseous exchange is by simple diffusion through body wall

Sensory organs are only found in free-living examples. Eye spots are found in the head.

Free-living forms have cilia for locomotion

First appearance of a little complex nervous and sensory system. A pair of anterior ganglion and 2 longitudinal nerve cords on the central nervous system.

Appearance of separate organs for excretion: nitrogenous excretory system consists of protonephridia. These are a network of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bubbles. These are used to maintain the osmotic balance.

They have an incomplete digestive system with only a mouth without an anus. A branched gastrovascular cavity is present for digestion. Some have an eversible pharynx.

Some show asexual reproduction by fragmentation. Bisexual, but show internal cross-fertilization. In parasitic forms, there are several larval stages. In free living forms, there’s direct development without the larval stages.

Ex: Planaria, Taenia, Fasciola

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15
Q

What is phylum platyhelminthes commonly known as?

A

Flatworms

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16
Q

Give examples for free living and parasitic forms of phylum platyhelminthes

A

Free living (Planaria) , parasitic (flukes and tapeworms)

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17
Q

What are the habitats of phylum platyhelminthes?

A

They are found in marine, freshwater and in damp terrestrial habitats.

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18
Q

Describe the body form of phylum platyhelminthes

A

Body is dorsoventrally flattened. Some have an elongated tape-like body form without true segmentation

Triploblastic with all 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) Signs of cephalization present but not distinct.

No body cavities, circulatory, respiratory and skeletal systems. Gaseous exchange is by simple diffusion through body wall

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19
Q

What systems do animals of phylum platyhelminthes lack?

A

body cavities, circulatory, respiratory and skeletal systems.

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20
Q

How does gaseous exchange in phylum platyhelminthes occur?

A

Gaseous exchange is by simple diffusion through body wall

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21
Q

Describe the sensory organs and nervous system of phylum platyhelminthes

A

Sensory organs are only found in free-living examples. Eye spots are found in the head.

First appearance of a little complex nervous and sensory system. A pair of anterior ganglion and 2 longitudinal nerve cords on the central nervous system.

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22
Q

Describe the excretion of phylum platyhelminthes

A

Appearance of separate organs for excretion: nitrogenous excretory system consists of protonephridia.

These are a network of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bubbles.

These are used to maintain the osmotic balance.

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23
Q

Describe the digestion of phylum platyhelminthes

A

They have an incomplete digestive system with only a mouth without an anus.

A branched gastrovascular cavity is present for digestion

Some have an eversible pharynx.

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24
Q

Describe the locomotion of phylum platyhelminthes

A

Free-living forms have cilia for locomotion

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25
Q

Describe the reproduction of phylum platyhelminthes

A

Some show asexual reproduction by fragmentation

Bisexual, but show internal cross-fertilization.

In parasitic forms, there are several larval stages.

In free living forms, there’s direct development without the larval stages.

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26
Q

Give examples for phylum platyhelminthes

A

Planaria, Taenia, Fasciola

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27
Q

What are protonephridia and name their function?

A

These are a network of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bulbs

They maintain osmotic balance.

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28
Q

Write the features of phylum nematoda

A

Most of them are free-living in the marine, few are fresh-water and damp soil environments, and parasitic in plants and animals.

They are bilaterally symmetrical. Triploblastic and pseudocoelomic. Their body forms are cylindrical with tapered ends.

Body size varies from microscopic to macroscopic

They don’t show distinct cephalization and segmentation. Sensory papillae are found in the anterior end of the body.

Body is covered by a thick cuticle and undergoes ecdysis.

No circulatory and respiratory systems. Gaseous exchange is by simple diffusion through the body wall.

They have an alimentary canal for digestion.

Body wall is composed of only longitudinal muscles. They don’t have special locomotory structures. Longitudinal muscles in the body wall are involved in locomotion.

Sexual reproduction is by internal fertilization. Sexes are separated and females are larger than males.

No developed excretory structures. Longitudinal excretory ducts with excretory pores on the body wall.

Ex: roundworms, hookworms, pinworms

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29
Q

Describe the habitats of phylum nematoda

A

Most of them are free-living in the marine, few are fresh-water and damp soil environments, and parasitic in plants and animals.

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30
Q

Describe the body form of phylum nematoda

A

They are bilaterally symmetrical. Triploblastic and pseudocoelomic. Their body forms are cylindrical with tapered ends.

Body size varies from microscopic to macroscopic

They don’t show distinct cephalization and segmentation. Sensory papillae are found in the anterior end of the body.

Body is covered by a thick cuticle and undergoes ecdysis.

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31
Q

What are the sensory structures of phylum nematoda? Where are they found?

A

Sensory papillae

Found in the anterior end of the body.

32
Q

What systems do animals in phylum nematoda lack?

A

No circulatory and respiratory systems

33
Q

How does digestion occur in phylum nematoda?

A

They have an alimentary canal for digestion.

34
Q

How does locomotion occur in phylum nematoda?

A

Body wall is composed of only longitudinal muscles.

They don’t have special locomotory structures.

Longitudinal muscles in the body wall are involved in locomotion.

35
Q

How do animals in phylum nematoda reproduce?

A

Sexual reproduction is by internal fertilization.

Sexes are separated and females are larger than males.

36
Q

How does excretion occur in phylum nematoda?

A

No developed excretory structures. Longitudinal excretory ducts with excretory pores on the body wall

37
Q

Give examples for animals in phylum nematoda

A

roundworms, hookworms, pinworms

38
Q

What are the features of phylum annelida

A

They can be marine, freshwater or in damp soil

They are segmented worms with cylindrical bodies

They are triploblastic

Coelom (true body cavity) is present for the first time

The first animals to show cephalization

Well developed nervous system with dorsal cerebral ganglion, ventral nerve cord and circumentric connectives

Clitellum, parapodia, setae and suckers are found in some.

Clitellum secretes a cocoon, which is a sac where eggs are deposited and fertilization takes place.

Parapodia are used for locomotion and respiration.

Setae are present for locomotion.

Suckers are used for locomotion and ingestion in ecto-parasitic forms.

Ex: earthworms, ragworms, leeches

39
Q

Name the habitats of phylum annelida

A

They can be marine, freshwater or in damp soil

40
Q

Describe the body structure of phylum annelida

A

They are segmented worms with cylindrical bodies

They are triploblastic

Coelom (true body cavity) is present for the first time

The first animals to show cephalization

41
Q

Describe the nervous system of phylum annelida

A

Well developed nervous system with dorsal cerebral ganglion, ventral nerve cord and circumentric connectives

42
Q

What’s the function of clitellum?

A

Clitellum secretes a cocoon, which is a sac where eggs are deposited and fertilization takes place.

43
Q

What is a cocoon?

A

It’s a sac where eggs are deposited and fertilization takes place in annelids

44
Q

What’s the function of parapodia

A

Parapodia are used for locomotion and respiration.

45
Q

What’s the function of setae?

A

Setae are present for locomotion.

46
Q

What’s the function of suckers?

A

Suckers are used for locomotion and ingestion in ecto-parasitic forms

47
Q

Give examples for animals in phylum annelida?

A

Earthworms

Ragworms

Leeches

48
Q

What are the features of phylum mollusca?

A

Majority of them are marine. Some inhabit freshwater and land.

Some are bilaterally symmetrical, and a few are asymmetrical.

They are soft bodied and non-segmented

A calcareous shell is secreted as a protective exoskeleton

A shell could be internal or external

Coelomic.

The body’s divided into 3 parts
Muscular foot is used for locomotion
Visceral mass contains most internal organs
Mantle is to secrete the shell
Many molluscs possess radula (a minutely toothed chitinous ribbon) in the mouth for feeding

Most molluscs have separated sexes and their gonads are located in the visceral mass.

Gas exchange occurs through gills located at the mantle or mantle cavity.

Excretion is through metanephridia

Ex: oysters, clams, slugs, snails, octopus, squids. chitons , tusks, shells

49
Q

Describe the body structure of molluscs

A

Some are bilaterally symmetrical, and a few are asymmetrical.

They are soft bodied and non-segmented

A calcareous shell is secreted as a protective exoskeleton

A shell could be internal or external

Coelomic.

The body’s divided into 3 parts
Muscular foot is used for locomotion
Visceral mass contains most internal
organs
Mantle is to secrete the shell

50
Q

Describe the habitat of molluscs

A

Majority of them are marine. Some inhabit freshwater and land.

51
Q

What are the 3 parts a mollusc’s body is divided into?

A

The body’s divided into 3 parts:
Muscular foot is used for locomotion
Visceral mass contains most internal
organs
Mantle is to secrete the shell

52
Q

How does digestion occur in molluscs?

A

Many molluscs possess radula (a minutely toothed chitinous ribbon) in the mouth for feeding

53
Q

What is radula?

A

minutely toothed chitinous ribbon in the mouth for feeding in many molluscs

54
Q

Explain the gas exchange in molluscs

A

Gas exchange occurs through gills located at the mantle or mantle cavity

55
Q

Explain the excretion in molluscs

A

Excretion is through metanephridia

56
Q

Give examples for molluscs

A

oysters, clams, slugs, snails, octopus, squids. chitons , tusks, shells

57
Q

Explain reproduction in molluscs

A

Most molluscs have separated sexes and their gonads are located in the visceral mass.

58
Q

What are the features of phylum Arthropoda

A

One of the most successful animal groups on earth with the highest no. of species

They live everywhere: water, air and soil

They have segmented bodies with “joined legs”

They have a chitinous exoskeleton (skeleton on the outside) Because of these exoskeletons animals can’t grow continuously and need periodic molting.

The nervous system is well developed with a primitive dorsal brain

The nerve cord is solid, segmented and ventrally located

They have many and varied sense organs

They have an open blood circulatory system; blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities (haemocoel), where tissues are surrounded by blood. No capillaries.

Respiration:
In aquatic animals: Gills
In terrestrial animals: Tracheal system of chitinous tubes
In arachnids: Book lungs

Excretion is done by Malphigian tubules. They excrete uric acids.

Reproduction: sexes separate (dioecious)

59
Q

What’s the habitat of arthropods

A

They live everywhere: water, air and soil

60
Q

Describe the structure of arthropods

A

They have segmented bodies with “joined legs”

They have a chitinous exoskeleton (skeleton on the outside) Because of these exoskeletons animals can’t grow continuously and need periodic molting.

61
Q

Why can’t arthropods grow continuously?

A

They have a chitinous exoskeleton (skeleton on the outside)

Because of these exoskeletons animals can’t grow continuously and need periodic molting.

62
Q

Explain the nervous system of arthropods

A

The nervous system is well developed with a primitive dorsal brain

The nerve cord is solid, segmented and ventrally located

63
Q

Describe the sense organs of arthropods

A

They have many and varied sense organs

64
Q

Describe the blood circulatory system of arthropods

A
  • They have an open blood circulatory system; blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities (haemocoel), where tissues are surrounded by blood.
  • No capillaries
65
Q

Describe the respiration of arthropods

A

In aquatic animals: Gills
In terrestrial animals: Tracheal system of
chitinous tubes
In arachnids: Book lungs

66
Q

Describe the excretion of arthropods

A

Excretion is done by Malphigian tubules. They excrete uric acids.

67
Q

Describe the reproduction of arthropods

A

Reproduction: sexes separate (dioecious)

68
Q

What are the features of phylum Echinodermata

A

They are exclusively marine.

Triploblastic and coelomic, slow moving or sessile.

Adults show penta-radial symmetry without head and segmentation.

Larval forms are bilaterally symmetrical.

Thin epidermis covers the endoskeleton of hard, calcareous plates.

Water vascular system is a network by hydraulic canals branching into tube feet which function in locomotion and feeding.

Most echinoderms do gas exchange through the body surface and tube feet. Some respire through respiratory trees or papillae

Digestive system is usually complete, but the mouth is on the underside and anus on top of the animal’s surface.

Circulatory system is reduced and closed, without a heart.

They consist of a nerve ring and radial nerves.

No specialized excretory system is present.

Ex: Sea stars, brittle stars, sea lily, feather lily, sea cucumber, sea urchins, sand dollars

69
Q

What’s the habitat of echinoderms?

A

They are exclusively marine.

70
Q

Describe the body of echinoderms

A

Triploblastic and coelomic, slow moving or sessile.

Adults show penta-radial symmetry without head and segmentation.

Larval forms are bilaterally symmetrical.

Thin epidermis covers the endoskeleton of hard, calcareous plates.

71
Q

What’s the water vascular system of echinoderms?

A

Water vascular system is a network by hydraulic canals branching into tube feet which function in locomotion and feeding.

72
Q

How do echinoderms do gas exchange?

A

Most echinoderms do gas exchange through the body surface and tube feet.

Some respire through respiratory trees or papillae

73
Q

Describe the digestion of echinoderms.

A

Digestive system is usually complete, but the mouth is on the underside and anus on top of the animal’s surface.

74
Q

Describe the nervous system of echinoderms

A

They consist of a nerve ring and radial nerves.

75
Q

Describe the circulatory system of echinoderms

A

Circulatory system is reduced and closed, without a heart.

76
Q

Give examples for echinoderms

A

Sea stars, brittle stars, sea lily, feather lily, sea cucumber, sea urchins, sand dollars

77
Q

Write 3 functions of tube feet

A

Feeding

Locomotion

Respiration

Biology III (2 decks)

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