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SPEX201 > Kinetics (M2) > Flashcards

Kinetics (M2) Flashcards

1
Q

what is torque influence by

A

magnitude of the force
direction
point of application of force

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2
Q

what is the equation for torque

A

T=Fr

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3
Q

when the sum of all torque acting on a joint are equal to 0 what does this mean

A

static at point of equilibrium - balance

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4
Q

what is the equation for bending moment

A

M=Fx
(force applied to the beam multiple by distance)

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5
Q

anti clockise is what direaction for right hand rule

A

positive

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6
Q

to accelerate an object what things do you need to have angular rotation

A
  1. force applied off centre
  2. torque
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7
Q

what is the formular for mass moment of inertia

A

I= mr^2

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8
Q

what does mass moment of inertia only explain

A

how difficult or easy a movement may be considering the distribution of mass about the axis of rotation

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9
Q

who is more likely to have more momentum - beaudan barrett or sam whitlock. some one that has more mass or less mass, when travelling at the same speed

A

Sam whitelock - someone that has more momentum

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10
Q

what is the formular for angular velocity

A

H= mr^2*w

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11
Q

what 3 things affect angular momentum

A
  1. Mass
    1. Distribution of mass with respect to axis of rotation
  2. Angular velocity of body
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12
Q

Why is total momentum system conserved during angular rotation in the air

A

gravity acts through the CoM, therefore doesn’t cause momentum

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13
Q

T/f angular momentum can be transferred from one axis of rotation to another

A

true

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14
Q

how does a long jumper is able to stray up right, because when they take of they have a forward momentum that courses them to rotate forwards

A

Transfer of moment from com to the limbs (rotate) so body stays up right

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15
Q

how do we alter the axis of rotation in the air

A

make axis off centre (so it doesn’t go through Centre of mass) e.g. have one arm up

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16
Q

what is the resistance of a body to rotate called

A

mass moment of inertia

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17
Q

how does an athlete generate angular rotation

A

by applying a rotational force to the body

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18
Q

during running when do you reach peak velocity

A

in max velocity phase
when acceleration is 0

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19
Q

what are the 4 phases of running

A
  1. drive
  2. transition
  3. max velocity
  4. maintainece
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20
Q

what makes a good runner (usain bolt)

A

able to hold max velocity for longer

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21
Q

what is the term radius of gyration

A

when dealling with segment of masses where axis of rotation is not located through the centre of mass

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22
Q

what is the concept of work

A

use force to move an object

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23
Q

how do you calculate work

A

W=F*s(cos(theta))

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24
Q

what is the concept of power

A

P=Work/time

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25
Q

Power is limited by the rate of what

A

ATP

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26
Q

what curve limits power

A

Force-velocity curve

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27
Q

why does it take longer to perform max rep

A

more muscles are need to move heavier weight, takes longer for them to contract

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28
Q

what can joint power determine

A

the product of net torque and the joint angular

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29
Q

when will power be positive - what are the signs for angular velocity and angular acceleration - what is this referred to

A

same
power production

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30
Q

what does power production mean for energy flow direction

A

muscle to arm segment

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31
Q

power absorption mean for energy flow direction

A

arm segment to muscle

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32
Q

what is newtons first law

A

object will remain at rest or constant velocity unless external forces act on it

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33
Q

what is the equation for force - newtons 2nd law

A

F=ma

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34
Q

newtons 3rd law

A

for every action there is an equal to opposite reaction

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35
Q

what quantity is force

A

vector (has both magnitude and direaction)

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36
Q

what is the net force

A

sum of all force

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37
Q

what are the 5 steps to drawing a free body diagram

A
  1. identify the system
  2. separate the system
  3. identify COM
  4. identify external forces
  5. find resultant of forces (by using pytha)
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38
Q

what does CoP (centre of pressure) mean

A

average pressure point beneath the foot or feet

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39
Q

what are the gait objectives

A
  1. propel body forwards
  2. efficiently - minimal energy expenditure
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40
Q

in the 1st peak of normal walking what should x the persons body weight

A

1.2

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41
Q

the 1st peak (F1) if this is lower what can it tell about the person

A

the are less confident or slower walker

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42
Q

in the trough what is the x to the persons body weight

A

0.6

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43
Q

in the trough (F2) if its deeper what does this signify

A

if they are moving quickly though movement

44
Q

what does a low peak in the 2nd peak (F3) mean

A

individual has poor ability to propel their body forwards

45
Q

what is the claw back

A

the initial spike in walking diagram
- clawing toes into ground like a peginuin

46
Q

what % of stance phase does cross over

A

55%

47
Q

what 3 components is the resultant GRF made up of

A

1/ vertical
2. anterior -positor
3. medial -lateral

48
Q

what do pedotti digrams rely on

A

information provided by the force plate

49
Q

wht 3 things do you need to construct a pedotti diagram

A
  1. vertical force
  2. horizontal force
  3. position of center of pressure
50
Q

what is inertia

A

resistance to change motion state

51
Q

what is the equation for momentum

A

L=Mx V

52
Q

How do you maximise performance with anterior -posterior impulse (e.g. long jump

A
  1. gaining initial momentum from run up
  2. minimising loss of momentum - redirecting hz motion into vt motion
53
Q

does a force through COM generate linear motion

A

yes

54
Q

when force is not applied to the COM of the ball
- what force does this create
- what is this
- what motion (linear or angular)

A

eccentric force
torque
linear and angular

55
Q

what are three things torque is influenced by

A
  1. magnitude
  2. line of action
  3. point of application
56
Q

what is the equation for torque

A

T= Fr sin (theta)

57
Q

what only causes rotation in - where the objects placed

A

perpendicular - therefore use sin because of it

58
Q

with regards to the right hand rule if is clock wise is this positive or negative

A

negative

59
Q

what makes a successful high jump

A
  1. less mass
  2. largest vt force
60
Q

for the fosbury flop what must an athletes create rotation around

A

Centre of mass

61
Q

what is the equation for angular acceleration

A

a= T/mr2

62
Q

repositioning _____ can help to alter angular acceleration

A

limbs

63
Q

having a greater mass does this make it easier or harder to change angular velocity

A

harder

64
Q

what does mk2 mean

A

radius of gyration - remote terms
e.g. mass x distance form COM^2

65
Q

for a flexion extension graph every time there is a peak what does this mean for the for the velocity time curve

A

it will cross over the line of the velocity time curve

66
Q

for a flexion extension graph every time this graph crosses the centre line what does this mean for the for the velocity time curve

A

change in direction for the velocity time curve

67
Q

when velocity time curve has a peak what does this mean for the acceleration graph

A

will cross the centre line

68
Q

every-time the velocity time graph crosses the centre line what does this mean for the acceleration graph

A

acceleration graph will have a peak

69
Q

moment of inertia depends on what

A

axis of rotation

70
Q

how do remote and local axis differ

A

remote = external
local = own

71
Q

what does mass moment of inertia not explain

A

speed or velocity

72
Q

what is the equation for angular momentum

A

H=mr2 x w

73
Q

what are three things that effect angular momentum

A
  1. mass
  2. distribution of mass with respect to rotation
  3. angular velocity of the body
74
Q

once airborne is it possbile for athlete to alter angular velocity by changing momentum of inertia

A

yes

75
Q

when body rotating in air -momentum is what

A

conserved

76
Q

why is momentum conserved in air

A
  • no external forces
    gravity acting through COM
77
Q

what is angular momentum the product of

A

moment of inertia and angular velocity

78
Q

when do you reach peak velocity - when acceleration is what

A

acceleration zero

79
Q

having a large spiek for accerlation curve in running is associated with what

A

quick explosive acceleration with high peak force - often seen in world class sprinters

80
Q

explain the force in the medial-lateral direction during walking

A
  • small anterior impulse - claw
  • this large posterior impulse - going below line
  • this around 50% through-stance phase increases anterior impulse (goes above line)
81
Q

increasing to reach peak velocity
- what happens to hz forces and
- propulsive and breaking force

A
  • Hz force begins to decrease
  • propulsive and breaking begin to equalize
82
Q

object moves with sufficienctly high velocity relative to surrounding fluid, layers of fluid near surface of object mix and flow becomes turbulent of laminar

A

turbulent

83
Q

viscosity involves _____ resistance of fluid to flow

A

internal

84
Q

buoynacy forces act through what

A

centre of volume

85
Q

what does the vertical force component for single step look like

A

M shaped

86
Q

what is a special type of force diagram that is used in gait analysis

A

Butterfly force diagram

87
Q

how do you calculate reaction force

A

sum of force: R - weight (9.81)

88
Q

derive joint power time curve by multiplying angular velocity and angular acceleration together - what is this called

A

inverse dynamics

89
Q

max velocity = what of KE

A

max KE

90
Q

the net work done by all forces acting on the body equals the change in KE describes what theorem

A

Work-energy theorem

91
Q

what contributes to the drag force

A
  • surface friction
  • form drag - reduce negative pocket
  • wave drag - interface of 2 fluids
92
Q

why is swimming an inefficient form of motion

A

deals with all three forms, more dense and viscus

93
Q

what direction is lift force generated in with respect to fluid flow

A

perpendicular to fluid flow

94
Q

explains Bernoulli’s principal in terms of velocity and pressure

A

high velocity flow to low pressure

95
Q

what is the magnus force

A

lift force created by spin

96
Q

what is force locking

A

force locking between 2 smooth materials

97
Q

what is form locking

A

material properties of traction

98
Q

what are the three aspect that create a lift force

A
  1. foil shape
  2. angle attack
  3. spin
99
Q

how doe foil shape effect lift force

A
  • fluid seperation, low pressure - high velcity over top
100
Q

hoe does angle of attack effect lift force

A

angle of orrinetation - optimum angle of attack for maximizing range is angle at which lift/drag ration is maximum

101
Q

what contributes to the drag force

A
  • surface friction
  • form - reduce negative pocket
  • wave drag - interface of 2 fluids
102
Q

what is the most important component of the drag force equation

A

velocity

103
Q

what are ways swimmers can reduce drag forces

A
  • streamlined positon as much as possible
  • head down
  • tight swim wear
  • swim cap
  • small surface area
104
Q

what stroke style has the least amount of drag

A

freestyle

105
Q

example the reverse swing

A

turbulent (rough side) faces the batsman. bowled fast enough (above 85mph). laminar side goes into turbulent befor reaches seam

106
Q

what is Bernoulli’s equation

A

P + 1/2mv^2 +pgh = constant

107
Q

what is the equation for work energy theory
and what is work transferred into

A

W=E2-E1

SPEX201 (2 decks)

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