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Kinesiology for Fitness Trainers Flashcards

1
Q

What are Biological systems?

A

A collection of organs and structures that share a common function

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2
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

The property of a system that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, relatively constant condition of properties such as temperature or pH

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3
Q

What is a Sensory Nervous Function?

A

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

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4
Q

What is a Motor Nervous Function?

A

The neuromuscular response to the sensory information

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5
Q

What is Integrative Function?

A

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making, producing the appropriate response

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6
Q

What is Interstitial Fluid?

A

It is a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid. The interstitial fluid is found in the interstitial spaces, also known as the tissue spaces

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7
Q

What is Antigen presenting cells (APC)?

A

A cell in adaptive immunity (memory) that presents immune killer cells a foreign antigen marking it for destruction

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8
Q

What is the Immune System?

A

A system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism’s own healthy tissue

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9
Q

What is the Axial Skeleton?

A

Skull, spine, ribs, and sternum

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10
Q

What is the Appendicular Skeleton?

A

Consists of the shoulder girdles, arms, pelvis, and legs

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11
Q

What is the Sagittal plane?

A

An imaginary line that divides the body into right and left halves

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12
Q

What is the Frontal/Coronal plane?

A

An imaginary line that divides the body into front and back halves

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13
Q

What is the Transverse plane?

A

An imaginary line that divides the body into top and bottom halves

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14
Q

What is Isokinetic?

A

A movement in which equal force production from a muscular contraction is required through the full range of motion

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15
Q

What is Isometric?

A

A muscular contraction in which the muscle is neither shortening nor lengthening

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16
Q

What is Isotonic?

A

A muscular contraction in which the muscle is either shortening or lengthening

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17
Q

What is Concentric?

A

When the muscle shortens against a resistance (going against gravity)

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18
Q

What is Eccentric?

A

When the muscle lengthens with a resistance (going with gravity)

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19
Q

What is Bilateral?

A

Both sides

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20
Q

What is Ipsilateral?

A

Same side

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21
Q

What is Contralateral?

A

Opposing side

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22
Q

What is Reciprocal?

A

Alternating sides

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23
Q

What is Flexion?

A

Decreasing the angle of a joint

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24
Q

What is Extension?

A

Increasing the angle of a joint

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25
What is AB-duction?
Movement away from the body
26
What is AD-duction?
Movement towards the body
27
What is HORIZONTAL ABduction?
Horizontal movement away from the body
28
What is HORIZONTAL ADduction?
Horizontal movement towards the body
29
What is Rotation?
Turning about an axis
30
What is Circumduction?
Movement around an axis
31
What is Ankle Plantarflexion?
Sagittal plane extension of the ankle joint
32
What is Ankle Dorsiflexion?
Sagittal plane flexion of the ankle joint
33
What is Foot Eversion?
Sole of the foot moves outwards
34
What is Foot Inversion?
Sole of the foot moves inwards
35
What is Trunk Lateral Flexion?
Frontal plane left or right bends of the trunk
36
What is Medial Rotation?
Transverse plane rotation toward the midline of the body of either the head of the humerus or the head of the femur within respective joint capsules "INTERNAL ROTATION"
37
What is Lateral Rotation?
Transverse plane rotation away from the midline of the body of either the head of the humerus or the head of the femur within respective joint capsules
38
What is Compact Bone?
Aka CORTICAL BONE. Acounts for 80% of the osseous tissue (bone tissue) in the body, and is the "hard" quality of the boen located toward the outer layers
39
What is Trabecular Bone?
Aka CANCELLOUS BONE or SPONGY BONE. Accounts for 20% of the body's osseous tissue and is generally interior to compact bone. Known for its marrow and fat storage functions, as well as its shock absorptive microstructure which is crucial to bone strength
40
What is Haversian System?
Present only in compact bone, this is a collection of minerals (primarily calcium), a collagen matrix, bone maintenance cells, nerves, and blood and lymph vessels, which together comprise the actual make up of compact bone
41
What is Ossification?
Bone Growth. Characterized by an increase in bone size due to an increase in total number of bone cells
42
What is Bone Remodeling?
Describes the bone tissue's capability to modify its shape, size, and structure in response to demands imposed upon it. It is a process of bone tissue resorption and formation, which is to say bone turnover, replacement, maintenance, and repair
43
What is Aponeurosis?
A sheetlike fibrous membrane, resembling a flattened tendon, that serves as a fascia to bind muscles together or as a means of connecting muscle to bone
44
What is Lordosis?
The inward curvature of a portion of the lumbar and cervical vertebral column. Anterior convexity and posterior concavity
45
What is Kyphosis?
Normal curve to the thoracic spine. Anterior concavity and posterior convexity
46
What is Scoliosis?
A medical condition in which a person's spine is curved from side to side
47
What is Intervertebral discs?
Lies between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. Each disc forms a cartilaginous joint to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together
48
What is Vascularization?
The supply (an organ or tissue) with blood vessels
49
What is Elastin?
A protein in connective tissue that is elastic and allows many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting
50
What is Diffusion?
Refers to the process by which molecules intermingle as a results of their kinetic energy of random motion. Tends to promote equilibrium of concentrations in a solution
51
What is Bursae?
A small fluid filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of viscous fluid that provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint. This helps to reduce friction between the bones and allows free movement
52
What is the Labrum?
A ring of cartilage that surrounds the shoulder and hip joint that improves the fit of the bone in the socket and provides lubrication and protects the edges of bone from each other
53
What is the Sarcolemma?
The cell membrane of a skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle cell. At each end of the muscle fiber, this surface layer of the sarcolemma fuses with a tendon fiber, and the tendon fibers in turn collect into bundles to form the muscle tendons that then insert into bones. The membrane is configured to received and conduct stimuli
54
What is the Sarcoplasm?
The cytoplasm of a muscle cell. Contains nutrients, mitochondria, myofibrils and myoglobin
55
What is the Mitochondria?
The Powerhouse of the cell. Produces ATP by aerobic means
56
What are Myofibrils?
Any of the longitudinal parallel contractile elements of a muscle cell that are composed of myosin and actin
57
What is the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?
The specialized endoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle and skeletal striated muscle that functions especially as a storage and release area for calcium needed for muscular contractions
58
What is the Origin?
Muscle attachment to a bone that moves less or is stabilized during a movement. It is usually a proximal portion of a muscle
59
What is Insertion?
Muscle attachment to a bone that moves. Usually the distal portion of a muscle
60
What is Action?
Concentric action of a muscle that moves a joint
61
What are Biomechanics?
The application of mechanical principles of physics that analyzes the actions of forces on systems in the study of living organisms
62
What are Statics?
Branch of mechanics dealing with systems in a constant state of motion
63
What are Dynamics?
Branch of mechanics dealing with systems subject to acceleration
64
What is Equilibrium?
The condition of a system in which competing influences are balanced
65
What are Kinematics?
The study of the description of motion, including considerations of space and time
66
What are Kinetics?
The study of the actions of forces
67
What is Anthropometric?
Related to the dimensions and weights of body segments
68
What is Quantitative?
Observation involving the use of numbers
69
What is Qualitative?
Observation of the nonnumeric description of quality of a movement
70
What is Gravity?
A natural phenomenon by which objects with mass attract one another. One Earth, it is 9.81 m/s^2
71
What is Inertia?
Tendency of a body to resist a change in its state of motion
72
What is Resistance?
The force that opposes (relative) motion
73
What is Friction?
Force acting at the area of contact between two surfaces in the direction opposite that of motion or motion tendency
74
What is Elasticity?
A physical property of materials which return to their original shape after they are deformed
75
What is Linear Motion/Translation?
Motion along a straight line
76
What is Displacement?
The change in position of a body
77
What is Speed/Velocity?
The rate of change in position of a body
78
What is Acceleration?
The rate of change in velocity
79
What is Angular Motion?
Motion of a body segment involving rotation around a fixed point
80
What is Axis of Rotation/Fulcrum?
The center around which something rotates
81
What is Torque?
The rotary effect of a force about an axis of rotation. Measured as the product of the force and the perpendicular distance between the force's line of action and the axis
82
What is Force?
Push or pull; the product of mass and acceleration. Usually the muscular effort
83
What is Resistance?
The force that opposes (relative) motion. Usually the external resistance
84
What is a Lever?
A rigid object that is connected to an axis of rotation that may be made to rotate about the axis with the application of force
85
What is Force Arm?
Perpendicular distance between a force's line of action and an axis of rotation
86
What is Resistance Arm?
Perpendicular distance between a resistance's line of action and an axis of rotation
87
What is Center of Gravity (COG)?
Point around which a body's weight is equally balanced no matter how the body is positioned
88
What is Weight?
Attractive force that the earth exerts on a body. Product of mass and the acceleration due to gravity
89
What is Compression?
Pressing or squeezing force directed axially through a body
90
What is Tension?
Pulling or stretching force directed axially through the body
91
What is Shear?
Force directed parallel to a body surface
92
What is Stress?
Distribution of force within a body, quantified as force divided by the area over which the force acts
93
What is Deformation?
Change in shape. Usually accompanied by a return to original shape
94
What is a Close Packed Position?
Joint orientation for which the contact between the articulating bone surfaces is at a maximum
95
What is a Loose Packed Position?
Any joint orientation other than the close packed position

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