Kinesiology Dr.Scott Flashcards
1
Q
Kinesiology?
A
The study of human motion.
kinesis- movement
2
Q
Biomechanics?
A
the study of the mechanics of life.
mechanics- branch of physics concerned with the action of forces on matter or material systems.
3
Q
Kinematics versus kinetics?
A
Kinematics- concerned with the description of motion
Kinetics- concerned with the actions of motion- explanation of motion
4
Q
what is the relationship between kinesiology and biomechanics?
A
kinesiology is inclusive of the biomechanics of motion. BECAUSE motion is the result of FORCES.
5
Q
Kinematics:
Types of Motion-
List 3 types and explain
A
- Rotary/ Angular - Motion of a body about a fixed axis in a curved path . Ex: ferris wheel, pendulum, bike’s wheel.
Dr. Scott said = Direction is the same, travel distance is not the same.
- Translatory-
linear- movement in a straight line- glide
curvilinear- everything move in same direction but in curve way. Is a combined rotary and translation. Moving axis of rotation.
Dr. Scott said = as i walked across the room, my head moves up and down.
- General Plane Motion- Multisegmental motion
- special case of curvilinear movement where object is segmented.
- object rotates about axis and is translated by adjacent segment.
6
Q
In the human what type of motion occurs most often?
Joint level=
Functional level=
A
curvilinear
general plan motion
7
Q
Descriptors of Motion
Axis of Rotation:
X axis AKA?
Y axis AKA?
Z axis AKA?
Plans of Motion:
Transverse/horizontal
frontal/coronal
sagittal
Direction: Give example of PLANES of motion, AXIS of rotation.
IR, ER: F, Extension: ABDuction, adduction: radial/ulnar deviation: Circumduction
A
- coronal
- vertical
- anterior-posterior (A/P)
POM:
- up and down, superior/inferior, cranial/caudal
- front and back
- right and left
Direction:
- Transverse plane, Y -Axis
- Sagittal Plane, X-axis (m/l axis)
- coronal plane, Z-axis (ant/posterior)
- frontal plane , z-axis
8
Q
Kinetics: Concerned with the ____producing the ___ cause to move or at ___.
What is a force?
A
forces producing the motion , that cause to move or at rest
- push or pull exerted on one object by another. F=ma
9
Q
What forces act on the human body?
list 2 and give examples
A
External Forces- outside the body. Originate from GRAVITY or External load
Internal Forces- Arise from Forces within the body. Ex: MUSCLE, LIGAMENTS, TENDONS
10
Q
How do you define forces:
Forces are ___?
Defined by: list 3
Draw a force using all 3 listed above.
A
VECTORS, quantity that is completely specified by magnitude and direction.
-point of applicaiton, diretion/line of action, magnitude
(poa- base of vector arrow contacts the part of body, direction- indicated by arrowhead like upward is postive Y and downward is negative Y, and magnitude is the force vectors indicated by length of shaft of the arrow.
11
Q
Gravity, attraction of an object to earth.
- Point of application- where the muscle inserts into the bone. JOINTS
- Center of mass= center of gravity, COG. Draw some.
= What is the magnitude?
formula
= What is the Direction?
= Line of Gravity= from ___ perpendicular to ____
A
Mass of object x 32 ft/sec square (F= ma)
Vertical down to the ground. Downward perpendicular earth’s surface.
From COG perpendicular to earth’s surface.
12
Q
Relocation of COG:
How would the following change the location of the COG in the body?
- bending over the wasit?
- pear shaped body?
- muscular upper body with small legs
- lower extremity bilateral amputee
- lower extremity unilateral amputee
- cast on right leg
A
- lower COG lower COG cog higher cog higher shift sideway cog, little higher cog shift right, little lower cog
13
Q
stability and COG:
relationship between the location of COG and stability/balance?
A
Lower the COG , greater the stability because closer to BOS (base of support)
ex: clown toy, Dr. Scott said punch it, and it is still there.
14
Q
Other forces affecting the body:
Reaction Forces , always come in pairs
Newton 3rd law- law of ___. Define and also give example
why are reaction forces important?
A
Every time you take a step forces are introduced from the ground to your body . AKA GROUND REACTION FORCES
15
Q
Equlibrium:
Sum of ___ in all directions = __.
Forces are balanced/unbalanced?
Sum of torques in all directions = ___?
Torques are balanced
What is Torque? define and give example
Newton’s 1st Law= Law of ______(equilibrium). Define
***EQUILIBRIUM (STATICS) = rest/stationary
A stationary object does not move unless…
A moving object does not stop unless…
A
forces and torques , 0
balanced
–
Force that cause rotation/angular movement . Ex: unlock door.
Law of inertia. A body stay at rest stays at rest, body of movement, stays at movement unless an unbalanced force acts on it.
acted upon by a unbalanced force, acted upon a force
===book said, forces act upon an object are balanced but doesn’t mean all force are equal to each other.
16
Q
If objects are not in equilibrium, what is happening?
- Accelerating up or down
- Newton’s 2nd law- Law of ____.
Give example to shows acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass.
A= F/M . Acceleration is proportional to ? and inverse to?
- DYNAMICS- Rule of motion
why study Dynamics?
A
law of Accerleration.
kick wall versus kick ball.
A=F/M. …proportional to the forces acting on it, inverse proportional to the object mass.
Static analysis often underestimates forces because it does not consider acceleration.
17
Q
Concurrent Force systems
- Two or more forces acting at a ____ ____ application but in ____ direction.
- Know how to calculate when giving a scale of 1 in= 25 inches.
Why discussing concurrent force system?
- Occurs in the body all the time and
- among different muscle perform the same movement
- within the same muscle.
A
common point, different. Ex: tug or war. ….
non current force is like pedaling a bike, one foot push forward/the other pedal pushes backward.
18
Q
Parallel Force Systems= two or more parallel forces act on ____object but at some ____ from each other.
- The object acted on is typically called a ___
- What serves as levers in the human body?
A
same object, but at some distance .
- lever
- bones
19
Q
What makes up a lever?
- list 3
Type of Forces:
Effort force- Force cauing or attempting to cause motion. Give example???
Type of Lever Arms:
Effort arm- lever arm of effort force
Resistance arm- lever arm of resistance force
How are levers define? By where forces relation to ____, the relationship between the ___ and ____
A
forces
fulcrum=axis
lever/lever arm= distance from axis to point at which fore is applied
EF- raising my arm , deltoid is effort force/internal force
RF- gravity
axis or rotation, EA and RA
20
Q
-Draw 3 levers ,
-describe relationship between EA and RA,
-give example related to life and relatively to the body
-Mechanical Advantage
the ratio measure efficancy of a lever. Relative effectiveness of ___force as compared to ____
A
1st class lever.
- Fulcrum between force and resistance
- EA= RA and EA > RA and EA RA always
- wheel barrow/nutcracker and heel rise - gastro soleus (EA) and body weight/gravity (RA)
- M Ad greater than 1 (most in the body)
3rd- most common in body
RA > EA
- spring closing a door/ hammer and nail. Biceps (EF) acting on forearm/wrist/hand (RF)
- M Ad less than 1
— effort force as compared to resistance.
21
Q
What is Torque (moment of force) - ability of a force to cause ___. What do you need for torque to be generated? list 3
- how to calculate torque:
Example; how much torque is generated about your elbow by the weight of your forearm and hand (10 lbs)?
Torque formula = ?
What caused this torque about the elbow?
what is needed to counteract this torque?
look at notes for further example
A
rotation.
Need: force, lever, axis of rotation
–
example:
torque= Force x distance (shortest distance between the action line of applied force and AOR.
***** Moment Arm= where you measure 10 inches. Distance= distance from LOG to AOR perpendicular 90 degree).
Force = forearm and hand = 10 lbs
torque= 100 in/pounds
What caused this torque about the elbow?
-Gravity pulling on the hand and forearm
- moment of arm of gravity
what is needed to counteract this torque?
- muscular contraction and
- moment arm of muscle force
—->the elbow flexors must generate more than 100 in/lbs of torque to flex the elbow
22
Q
Force Components:
Rotary (Fr) - _____ to bone
Translatory (Ft)- _____ to bone
Effect of rotary and translatory forces at the joint:
-compression means together
Distraction means apart. Force applied perpendicular to contact surface , push/pull one object directly away from another.
both are linear
A
perpendicular
parallel
23
Q
Muscle components:
- CT that surrounds the muscle and separates it from other muscles?
- CT that surrounds the fascicles?
- Delicate CT between the muscle fibers?
- what is long muscle cells called?
- a group of muscle fibers is?
- membrance covering muscle fibers?
- very fine contractile fibers made up of thick (myosin) and thin, actin myofilaments is?
- threadlike structures occur in bundles in the myofibrils of striated muscle fibers.
A
- epimysium perimysium -endomysium muscle fiber fasicle sarcolemma myofibril myofilaments, allow muslce to contract
24
Q
Parallel Elastic Component- is passive contracted/or noncontracted structure?
- lengthen or shorten as muscle lengthens or shortens act in parallel with _____?
- undergoes lengthening during stretching.
- slackened position when muscles at rest
- will crimp when muscle shortens beyond resting position.
Parallel elastic component: list 3?
Also, what else are there ?
A
- noncontracted, parallel with muscle fibers
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
- fascia , aponeuroses sheaths
- sarcolemma, elastic filaments
- neurovascular structure.
25
Series Elastic Component: contractile/noncontractile component plus ____.
Tendon is under tension when muscle contracts.
contractile , tendon
26
Sarcomere is a basic ____ of a muscle. Sarcomeres form repeating sections of dark and light bands in the ____of muscle cells (myofibers). Composed of long proteins (___ and ___)that slide past each other during muscle contraction.
Actin, thin filament, bound to the ____ line, the border of the sarcomere. Myosin, thick fibrous tail, globular head. Binds to ____ and ____ source of energy.
unit; myofibrils. Myosin and actin.
Z line. Actin and ATP
27
ACTIVE TENSION: Tension developed by contractile elements as a result of ____. MOvement of ____ and ____, protein filaments in muscle fibers that make up the ________.
Active tension is a stimulation by ____ motor neurons in the ____horn create active contraction.
MOTOR UNIT has? list 2.
Active tension dependent on:
- ___ of firing of MU
- number of _____ that goes to muscle
- number of fibers/MU
- number of ____formed
- fiber size /muscle cross section area. ex: quad
cross bridge formation.
actin and myosin . myofibril
alpha, ventral
MU=
alpha motor neuron and muscle fibers its innervated
- depends on frequency of firing of MU
- motor unit
- cross bridges
28
PASSIVE Tension: Tension developed in the ____ ,non passive components CT. May or may not add to active tension.
Total tension: give formula in words
Inert, means not moving.
Total Tension:
Active (contractile)+ passive (inert)
29
Length- Tension Relationship:
Relationship between tension and muscle length. Greatest tension at ______ times muscle ____ ____.
As it turns out, the natural resting length of our skeletal muscles maximizes the ability of the muscle to contract when stimulated. If the resting length is shorter or longer, contraction is compromised. The effect of _____ fiber length on muscular contraction is referred to as the length-tension relationship. Ex; bell curve
1. 2 times muscle resting length.
resting.
ex; the more the resting length, the more the tension. when Beyond the resting length and it increases, the LESS the tension is.
30
Active Insufficiency, inability of muscle to contract, produce active tension. Result from being either excessively _____ or ______. Is a term applied to a _____ muscle. It occurs when a multi-joint muscle reaches a length where it can no longer apply effective force.
EX: biceps brachii (testing supination), and hamstrings (testing glute maximus) .
Biceps is active insufficiency when should and elbow ___, and forearm ___ .
Hamstring is active insufficiency when hip is ___ and knee is ____.
lengthened or shorten. Multijoint
flex, forearm supinate
hip ext, knee flex.
31
TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION:
Constant length, no work done?
show relationship between muscular torque and external torque.
Shortening?
show relationship between muscular torque and external torque.
Lengthening? This type also use for ____ or ___,slowing down. EX; carrying = still contracting.
show relationship between muscular torque and external torque. Also energy output greater/less than concentric for same load?
---> potential force production: what is the order greatest type to least?
...think of putting heavy grocery bags down
isometric. Muscular torque = external torque
concentric. Muscular torque greater than external torque
eccentric, braking or controlling. Muscular torque less than external torque. Energy output less than concentric for same load.
--> Eccentric greater than isometric greater than concentric
32
TYPES OF MUSCLE ACTIONS:
- constant tension, non-physiologic?
- contant velocity, accommodating resistance? This require special equipment like cyber.
isotonic
| isokinetic
33
Effect of Velocity on Force Production:
Concentric; think of how fast you lift weigh, moving rapidly so trainer said slow down. As speed of shortening increases, tension ____? or vice versa
Isometric, not moving no rule
Eccentric, as speed of lengthening increases, tension ___?
decrease
increase
34
Torque versus LOAD
Muscle torque = load ?
muscle torque greater than load?
muscle torque less than load?
Dr. Scott mentioned twitch. think of turtle and hare example. turtle= more endurance, slow twitch.
isometric
concentric
eccentric
35
Factors Affecting TIME to MAXIMAL ACTIVE MUSCLE TENSION:
MOtor Unit recruitment order:
Slow/fast conduction velocities recruited first?
Size of Motor Unit:
_more/less__ number of fibers , the faster/slower to maximum tension?
Slow
More, faster
36
Factors Affecting MAGNITUDE of ACTIVE MUSCLE TENSION:
Size of MU: greater the size, ___ tension?
Size of Muscle fibers: greater the size, ___ tension?
Number of MU: the greater the number, ___tension?
MU firing frequency: higher frequency, __ tension?
Muscle length: closer to resting length, ___tension?
Number of cross bridges: the more the number, __tension?
- Fiber orientation: Pennate (more fibers), ___ strap (parallel fibers)
- Contraction type: show relationship between eccentric, isometric, and concentric.
- Speed: Concentric, the more the speed, the __tension. Eccentric, the more the speed, the __tension.
greater
greater
greater
greater
greater
greater
greater the strap
eccentric greater than isometric greater than concentric
less the tension,
higher
37
Others classifications of muscles:-
- prime mover, responsible for moving desired action.
- muscle that can conteract, desired action.
ex; when elbow is flex.....
ex: when elbow is extend.....
- Muscle that assist the agonist in performing the desired action? ex; help bicep flex elbow
- Contraction of agonist and antagonist to provide stability to a joint
Agonist
Antagonist
elbow is flex: bicep, agonist.....tricep, antagonist
tricep, agonist.....bicep, antagonist
- synergists, ex: brachialis and brachiradialis
- Cocontraction
38
Spurt Muscle:
Proximal attachment ___from joint Axis of rotation.
Distal attachment___ to joint AOR.
Relatively large ______ component (mobility).
Ex: give 2
```
Shunt:
proximal attachment __ to joint AOR.
Distal attachment __from joint AOR.
relatively large ___ component (stability)
ex: give 1
```
far, close, rotary. Ex; bicepts brachii, hamstrings
close, far, tranlatory. EX; brachioradialis
39
Passive Insufficiency: antagonist muscle is of insufficient passive length to permit full ROM at joints crossed by the muscle. Predominately with multi-joint muscles.
?????
ex; recturs femoris is passive insufficiency when decrease hip ____, 2 degree knee _____
ex; finger extensors: when ____ finger flexion 2 degree wrist flexion
Tenodesis: tendon action. _____ tension may produce movements of joints when muscle is elongated over multi-joint. Result of _passive insufficiency.
Example: wrist ____, finger _____ and vice versa.
extension, flexion
decrease
passive
wrist extension, fingers flexion
40
Other Factors Affecting Muscle FUnction:
- Golgi tendon organs: in tendons near ____ junction. Sensitive to ______. Too much force/tension, will active GTO leads to muscle _____
- Muscle Spindles: sensitive to muscle ____ and ___ of lengthening.
- Located in muscle ___ parallel to muscle fibers.
- Muscle spindles response to quick ____ of muscle leads to muscle ____/activation.
- DTRs (deep tendon reflex)- stretch too fast.
musculotendinous junction. Sensitive to TENSION, leads to muscle inhibition (shut it off)
- muscle length and velocity of lengthening.
- muscle belly parallel to muscle fibers.
- quick stretch of muscle leads to muscle CONTRACTION
41
Effects of Immobilization on Muscle Function:
- Dependent on joint position
- Shortened range:
= decrease number of sarcomeres (contracts of actin/myosin) and ____sarcomere length leads to displaced length-tension curve.
- thickening and increase connective tissue
- increase ____
- muscle _____
* the decreases number of sacromeres are the result of muscle inactivity. sacromeres are activated when muscle flex or extend. so when it is immobilzed, the number decreases. The sacromere increases in length because they are longest in a relaxed or contracted state.
- increase
- collagen
- atrophy
42
Effects of Injury on Muscle function:
- ----> CTDs/RSIs= cumulative trauma disorders / Repetitive strain injuries
- microtrauma
- inflammation of supporting structures (bursitis, tendinitis)
- nerve compression injury two degree muscle hypertrophy, decrease flexibility
- ---->DOMS and PEMS = delayed onset muscle soreness/ Post exercise muscle soreness
- eccentric exercise
- musle swelling and soreness two degree muscle injury
- decrease muscle function
read
43
Effects of Aging on Muscle Function:
- increase CT= increase muscle ____
- resistance training decrease deleterious effects leads to ____
stiffness
| hypertrophy
44
Joint aka ____.
- used to connect one _______________
For simple joint, the function is ____
For complex joints, the function is _____
For most joints, the function is to provide ____ ____(would get it from ligament but mostly from muscle contraction)
articulation
one component of a structure with one or more other components.
- stability
- mobility
- dynamic stability
45
3 Joint Classifications:
Synarthroses, what kind of joints?
- 2 types?
- give examples of each types
- non synovial ( liquid fluid
1- fibrous (collagen fiber)
- Suture: interlocking, dense, ex; skull
- gomphosis- highly congruent , ex: tooth/maxilla
- syndesmosis- connected by ligament, cord, aponeurosis, ex: tib/fib and radius/ulna (interousseous membrane
2- cartilaginous (collagen fiber in chondrin)
- fibrocartilage= strong, dense. between bones with little to no motion and functions as a shock absorber.
ex: symphysis (stability, secondary cartilaginous joints) ex: pubic symphysis, manubriasternal
- hyaline= shiny/white, at the ends of bones in synovial joints and the ventral ends of the ribs. Provide a smooth, low friction surface.
ex: synchondrosis(primary), epiphyseal plate- temporary form of joint then later bone
46
3 Joint Classifications:
diarthroses, what kind of joints?
- list the 5 components of it????
1st component, Joint Capsule:
Outer layer of fibrous tissue is?
- what kind of vascularized?
- high/poor innervated by joint receptors?
Inner layer is call?
- what kind of vasularized?
- high/poor innervated ?
- synoviocytes produce ___for synovial fluid
2nd component- Synovial Fluid:
- ___joint surfaces and nourishes the _____cartilage
- HA: provides the _____ and essential for ___of synovium.
- Lubricin (glycoprotein) - responsible for lubrication
- synovial joint:
- joint capsule - 2 layers
- joint cavity- enclosed capsule
- synovial membrane- lines the inner capsule
- synovial fluid
- articular cartilage - covers the surface of the enclosed bones.
- ----
Stratum Fibrosum, poorly vascularized, highly innervated (rate, direction of motion, compression, tension, vibration, and pain)
Stratum synovium, highly, poorly innervated, hyaluronic acid
-----
lubricates joint surfaces and nourishes the hyaline cartilage.
provide velocity and essential for lubrication
47
Uniaxial Joints;
describe and give 2 types and give example of each. what plane and axis?
biaxial-
give 3
Triaxial:
hinge- IP joints and humeroulna; flex/ext so is sagittal x-axis
Pivot- humeroradial joint (radial head against capitilum) and atlantoaxial joint . transverse plan , y-axis
---
condyloid; 1 joint surface of concave and 1 joint surface of convex. ex: MCP joint, and knee
ellipsoid; 1joint surface concave elongated, 1 joint surface convex elongated . EX; radiocarpal joint
Saddle(think of pringles)- each joint surface has both a concave and convex surface EX; 1st CMC and Sternoclaviluar joint
---
plane- gliding between 2 or more bones EX; carpals and tarsals . is an example of Tranlatory movement, linear.
ball and socket ; ball(convex) into socket (concave) EX: hip as coxofemoral joint and shoulder as glenohumeral joint
48
Kinematic chains; series of rigid___ interconnected by ___.
- closed:
distal segment is ____ , causes ____movement in proximal segments.
Movement of ___segments dependent on ____, fixed segment. Give example???
vs
open: distal segment ___ to move, movement not necessarily predictable. Joints function independently or dependently. EX; ??
links, joints
fixed, predictable movement.
-proximal segments dependent on distal.
ex; push up, shoulder fix to trunk or squats , feet fix to ground.
free to move. ex: lift weight ...but if using machine then is CLOSED CHAIN.
49
Arthrokinematics,
* movement of joint surface AKA _____.
Combines ___, ___, and ____. --------> MOving axis of rotation--> ____axis of rotation.
* close - packed (locked)
- joint surfaces maximal____ (joints is much contact in both side with each other)
- ligaments and capsule maximally ____
- knee ____, elbow _____
- ---- so is tight joint, gives it more ,...leading to ...?
* open- packed (unlocked) **think drunk
- any position other than close-packed.
- joint surfaces ____to move
- ligaments and capsule slack
- knee ___, elbow ____
Osteokinematics: movement of ___rather than joint surfaces.
- Hypermobile, more than normal movement so it is less ____. example: my ankle strain
- hypomobile, less range of motion... problem at a joint, lose _____.
- Contracture (condition of shortening and hardening, leads to defomity of joint
moving axis of rotation. Combined rolling, sliding, spinning. ---> instantaneous axis of rotation. (its move as the joint move/slide/spin
---
congruent
tight,
knee extension, elbow extension
stability , distal end is stable...easier injuries
free so it is not stable , flexion, flexion
bone
stable
mobility
50
Connective Tissue Hyaline Cartilage:
The epiphyseal plate is responsible for _____ ___of bones. The plates chondrocytes are under constant division by ____. These daughter cells stack facing the epiphysis while the older cells are pushed towards the ____. As the older chondrocytes degenerate, ___ossify the rmains to form new bone. around the end of puberty, epiphyseal cartilage stop and replaced by bone, leaving only thin epiphyseal line.
Epiphyseal plates are present in growing bones. located at one or both ends of bones between the ____(end) and the ___(shaft) of bones.
bone growth occurs up to age 13.
longitudinal growth
mitosis
diaphysis
osteoblasts
epiphysis
diaphysis
51
connective tissue : living tissue adapts to the physical stresses /demands placed on it. helps with internal support
Collagen
- primary _____ protein.
- Resistant to ___forces (stretch force, force that build tension.
- provides functional integrity (is the base of all
Elastin
- elastic properties , return to original shape following deformation.. think rubber band
Bursae- synovial sacs , purpose is for?
- sub___
- sub___
- sub___
fibrous
tensile
reduce friction
subcutaneous
subtendinous
submuscular
hip, elbow found bursae
52
Bone- specialized CT
consists of:
_____ (spongy)bone- extracelluar matrix of collagen with ____ (wolff's law), thin plate calcified...... Trabeculae, It response to stress, forces acting on bone. Wolff law states, it is saying as trabeculae increases, bony strength increases related to amount of force that place in that bone , or vice versa p.42. ex: osteoporosis as we age, spinal cord injury, cast, loose bone mass.... Now, They recommend resistance strain training. ..even doing wall push up.
___ bone (compact bone), has ___system which is a series of canals through which blood vessels (capillaries) travel to provide blood to the cancellous bone. Good blood supplly, so it can heals
cancellous, trabeculae
cortical, Haversian system
53
Bone remodels throughout life, responds to external forces?
-Decrease forces leads to ___osteoClast activity(more chewing, break down bone tissue). Result of bone ____.
Osteoclast means chew/get rid of bone tissue. Think of when you're in a cast, inactivity.
increases, bone loss
54
CT Articular catilage:
1. covers the ends of ____ bones.
2. Specialized type of ____ cartilage
- lacks a ___that contains blood vessels and primitive cells that maintain and repair underlying tissue (hyaline cartilage has this present).
- significant damage is poorly repaired or not at all.
3. Avascular or vascular and aneural, no pain , no nerve.
4. high in _____ to attract water
5. distributes and disperses ___ forces to subchonral bone (????
6. Reduce ___between joint surfaces
all articular cartilage is hyaline but not all hyaline is articular
articulating
hyaline
perichondrium
avascular and aneural
proteoglycans, keep it soft to compresses force
friction
compressive
osteoosporisis, wear down bone, cartilage hardening bone
osteao arthritis-
55
CT Fibrocartilage:
Mix of CT and articular cartilage
provides ____ ___ as well as ____strength
forms much of the ____discs, the labra, some ligaments
and tendons, some discs within joints(menisci of the knee)
supports and ____joints, guides complex arthrokinematics, dissipates forces, and resists tensile/shear/compressive forces
shock absorption , tensile
IV
stabilizes
56
Properties of CT:
CT is heterogenous ( not all the same
* **** - Anistropic, properties vary depending on ___of imposed force. Example, wood is easier to split along the grain instead of against it. when force apply direction along the grain, it is stronger
* ***- ____, exhibits same properies regardless of direction ex: metal, doesnt matter what direction, it response the same way.
- CT has Viscoelasticity :
- viscosity; thick, ability to dampen ___forces. it prevent sliding
- elasticity, ability to return to original shape after removal of deforming force. like rubber ball.
direction
isotropic
shear
57
Time Dependent properties of viscoelasticity: p.13
- following deformation (change shape)- returns to original shape but not immediately
- creep, deformation of tissue continues until a state of.......
- ---->if i have tight CT, ill provide low stretch over long period time, that tissue will get longer overtime
think of apple tree example, apple hanging tree is heavy then overtime limb will bend.
---
- Clinical important: what factors affect the rate of creep? list 2.
example: caramel candy, ...cold become hard then cracks up, hot becomes stretchy
---
RATE Dependent properties of viscoelasticity:
- More rapid loading, the >,
equilibrium is reached. Ex; For example, tungsten requires a temperature in the thousands of degrees before creep deformation can occur, while ice will creep at temperatures near 0 °C (32 °F)
--
magnitude of load/force and temperature of the tissue
- --
- greater resistance
58
Types of Mechanical Stress:
- ______ (____)- two forces that act along the same line in opposite direction. ex: tug of war
- ____- 2 forces that act along the same line TOWARD each other on opposite sides of the structure.
- ___- 2 forces applied in opposite direction but not parallel in same line. Ex; friction, deck of card sliding , tear a paper, pushing the book from video
draw all 3.
- tensile (distractive
- compressive
- shear
59
MEchanical stress and strain : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2icfdyelx5M
Toe region: ____ phase, tissue usually crimped or wavy. no tension, slack
____ ____: No permanent deformation occurs. if it removed, it go back to original shape like elastic band
___ ____- point at which permanent deformation/change shape will begin
____ ___- it changes shape but if structure is unloaded, permanent deformation results. if take away force, you will stretch too much , u cant go back to origin point, it is permanently deform. ...kind of like ligament, if u put too much stress on it, it will stretch,..when u take the force off, it will go back to original shape.. but later when u stress that ligament so much, it will stretch but it wont go back to original shape anymore. ...it permanently deform , loose ability to stabilize that joint eventually it will fail and result tear
Ultimate failure or fracture point/breaking
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example:
plastic region: metal
No plastic region: glass, after several forces, it will break. bone can take force as well before it breaks
rubber has the most, it can take a lot of force and go back to original shape.
look at chart
relaxed
elastic range
yield point or elastic limit
plastic range
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What is ROM? Amount or arc of motion ....
osteokinematics, measure the bone
available at a specific joint
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why measure ROM?
REad ....
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How do we measure ROM?
1- ___ methods:
- visual inspection
- goniometers, measure in degree
- inclinometer
- tape measure
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2- ____ methods: (kinematics- motion)
- electrogoniometry- potentiometers
- motion analysis
- video-based
- magnetic trackers
- other- acoustic
How do we use ROM?
Compare it to norms
read the slides
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static methods
dynamic methods
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What factors affect an individual's ROM?
- age , less than or equal to 2 years age appropriate.
- younger the age the greater the ROM
- gender (variable and joint specific)
- Lifestyle (active vs. sedentary)
- Occupation (blue vs. white collar )
read
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What factors affect an indivudual's ROM?
- in general , ROM between individuals is variable, but in many cases clinicians have a build in comparison.
- contralateral side
- especially helpful when inherently hypo or hypermobile
read
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How do we use ROM?
However, there is a potential problem with using the contralaterside:
________
Bottom LIne:
treat/assess each .......
use ____ as basic guidelines
assess _____ side.
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ROM not as important as it once was.... _____ is the goal now.
Goal: increase functional ROM to permit performance of essential ____
asymmetry
patient individually
norm
contralateral
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function
ADL
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different ROM?
AROM: amount of joint motion attained though a ____movement of joint.
PROM (EF): amount of joint motion attained by having an examiner....... ask the person to relax. Passive is greater than AROM
WHAT DOES AROM ASSESS:
list 4?
qq`q1`voluntary
move the patient through the available ROM.
WHAT DOES AROM ASSESS:
- willingness to move (weak or pain
- coordination
- strength
- focus examination- type of tissue
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`*** What does PROM Assess?
- measure the Integrity of ____capsule; associated ____ and ____ (capsule pattern).
- Used to assess ___ ____
- joint
- ligament and muscles
- end feel
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What is end- feel? not what pt. feel but what u feel
- Assessed by examiner during ___ at end ranges
Normal/Physiological End Feels:
End Feel : Structure example
Soft: soft tissue approx knee flexion
FIrm : muscle stretch, capsular stretch, ligament stretch, hip flexion with knee extension, MCP extension, forearm supination
Hard : bony(bone on bone) elbow extension
Abnomal/ Pathological End- Feels
End Feel : Soft, occur sooner or later in ROM or in jt. where a different end feel is expected , boggy feel ***, example is soft tissue edema, synovitis
Firm: occurs sooner or later in ROM or in joint where a different end feel is expected, ex: increase muscle tone; capsular, muscular, ligamentous shortening
Hard: occurs sooner or later in ROM or in joint where a different end feel is expected, EX: OA, fx,loose bodies, myositis ossificans (bony growth in muscle)
Springy Block; rebound is seen or felt. EX: internal derangement(something loose, should not be) like torn meniscus.
Empty (cant get to end range), you cant feel it: pains prevent end feel patient guards/splints prior to end range, spasm.EX; acute joint effusion, bursitis, abscess, fx, psychogenic origin
PROM
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What is capsular pattern?
- Assessed during _____
- pathology to the ____ _____ is often observed as a pattern of limitation (Cyriax- English M.D)
- Elbow: relationship between flexion and extension?
- Shoulder: show relationship between ER, AdBuction and IR?? ( if problem with entire shoulder/joint capsule)
- Significance- indicates ___ ___involvement.
PROM
joint capsule
Flexion > extension . ..you will see limitation flexion before extension
i will see limitation ER greater than ....
you will see limitation ER before abDuction before IR
jont capsule
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What is NON- Cpasule pattern? not whole joint capsule, maybe is a ligament or other tissue involves
- limitations not in the specific pattern of limitation
- shoulder: show relationship
- significance-?
IR> ER
| Signif: likely indicates involvement of tissue other than joint capsule.
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Fundamentals of Goniometry?
- positioning- think
- stabilization- think
- know normal end feels
- know how the joint moves (structure and function)
- know anatomical landmarks
- instrument alignment
- read and record measurement
read
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Fundamentals of Goniometry?
- Stationary/ fixed arm- aligned parallel to long axis of ___ or ___ moving segment.
- Moving Arm- Aligned parallel to long axis of ___ or moving segment
- Axis/Fulcrum- Align with joint AOR.
proximal, none
distal
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General Procedures for Goniometry?
remember your own ___, to prevent hurting yourself
Recording ROM:
180 degree system- 0 to 180 degrees
record starting and finishing angle
0 degree to 135 degree knee flexion (normal)
10 degree to 135 degree knee flexion (10 degree of full extension) ....so it is in hypoextension
- 10 degree to 135 degree knee flexion ( 10 degree of hyperext) ..the negative 10 shows hyper mobility
- AKA : -10 degree - 0 degree- 135 degree
- AKA : 10 degree - 0 degree- 135 degree
body mechanics
| read and understand
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Introduction to Manual Muscle Testing MMT:
What is Muscle strength?
- hard to define
- maximum amount of force or tension that an individ can _____exert at a jont for ____
voluntarily , 1 rep (1 RMax
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Why do we test for strength?
- identify functional ......
- Assist in Dx of ____ ___lesions weak elbow flexors- C6
- Determine level of ___ ___involvement
- Assist in ...... (contractile like muscle vs. inert, passive non contractile like fascia , CT, epi,peri,endonesium)
stength loss
nerve root
spinal cord
differential Dx of tissues (contractile vs inert
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What is MMT?
Procedure for the evaluation of the ____ and ____ of individual muscles and muscle groups based on effective performance of a movement in relation to the forces of ___ and ___ ____
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function and strength;
gravity and manual resistance
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Types of MMT?
1) Break Test : patient actively moves through available ROM against gravity is considering _____. 3/5 degree
- At approx mid-range, examiner applies resistance opposite the direction of the patient's exertion trying to "break" the hold.
- what kind of contraction? iso/ecc/conc
2) Active Resistance Test: examiner provides manual resistance in the opposite direction to the subject's movement. Examiner gradually ___resistance until movement ceases. (clinical not use
fair
isometric
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increase
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Grading scale:
Numerically: 0 to 5
Qualitatively : 0 to normal
Fair grade maybe functional for UE, but rarely for the LE, why? because LE must .....
0=none, no muscle contraction
1= trace, examiner can palpate contractile activity, but not strong enough to move limb
2=poor, Full ROM , no gravity
3- fair, full ROM against gravity, no resistance
4-good, Full ROM against gravity, moderate resistance. take a little resistant but then break it
5- normal, Full ROM , MAXIMAL resistance (wont break
carry weight of individual
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what MMT does not assess......
- endurance (repeatedly contract muscle overtime
- coordination
- function
***should not be use with people with Central nervous disorder. should not be use with _____ ____, muscle in a contracted state. ex: ??
why?? it is not accurate because the person is not voluntary contracting the muscle, it is contracting already. not getting a true picture .Person is abnormal contracting already ..
spastic musculature EX: Cerebral Pelsaby, CVA stroke
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MMT Procedures:
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E
P
S ***important, because you dont want them to substitute
P
O
P
G
*careful of own body mechanics
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explain /demonstrate to patient
position
stabilize
palpate for appropriate mm- AROM
observe AROM
provide resistance
grade and record
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