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kinesiology Flashcards

1
Q

Study of human movement

A

Kinesiology

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2
Q

Study of motion without regards to horses or torque that may produce motion

A

Kinematics

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3
Q

Point of a body moving in a circular fashion around an axis and all the points moving in the same direction at the same speed and across the same number of degrees.
Also called angular movement

A

Rotation

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4
Q

Kinesiology

A

Study of human movement that involves Biomechanics, anatomy and physiology

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5
Q

Kinematics

A

The study of motion without regards to the forces or torque that may produce motion.

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6
Q

What are the two types of motions discussed in kinematics?

A

Rotation and translation

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7
Q

What is rotation?

A

Points of a body moving in a circular fashion around an axis. All the points move in the same direction at the same speed across the same number of degrees.

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8
Q

What is another name for rotation?

A

Angular movements

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9
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Study of angular movements

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10
Q

What is translation?

A

Linear motion in which all points in an object move parallel to each other, in the same direction and at the same speed as every other point of that same object

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11
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Study of translatoric movements

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12
Q

Anatomical position

A

Body longitudinal eyes forward, palms forward, toes forward

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13
Q

Fundamental position

A

Same as anatomical, but palms face sides of body

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14
Q

What are the three Osteokinematic planes?

A

Sagittal, frontal and transverse

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15
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides the body into right and left equal parts.
Medial and lateral axis of rotation
Flexion and extension is in this plane

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16
Q

Frontal plane

A

Divides the body into front and back
Anterior and posterior axis of rotation
Abduction and abduction are in this plane

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17
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides the body into upper and lower sections
Vertical axis is axis of rotation
External and internal rotation are in this plane

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18
Q

Degrees of freedom

A

The number of permitted planes of angular motion at a joint
Up to 3° possible

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19
Q

Normal muscle action

A

Distal segment moves on a fixed proximal segment
Tibia on femur flexion is an example

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20
Q

Reverse muscle action

A

Proximal segment moves on a fixed distal segment
Femur on tibia flexion

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21
Q

Kinematic chain

A

A system of joints and body segments arranged, so that motion of one joint will produce motion at the other joints in the system in a predictable manner.
Most accurate when the distal and proximal ends are fixed

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22
Q

Closed chain

A

Distal segment fixed

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23
Q

Open chain

A

Proximal segment is fixed

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24
Q

What can limit angular motion?

A

Shape of joint
surface joint
capsule ligaments,
muscle bulk
musculotendinous structures
Bony structures
Pain

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25
End feel
The feeling imparted into the examiners hand at the end of a passive motion This has normal and abnormal components
26
Hard end feel
Bone compacting against bone
27
Soft end feel
Soft tissue approximation
28
Firm end feel
Feeling of a firm but slightly yielding stop, from the stretch of capsules, ligaments, and other connective tissues
29
Capsular end feel
Slack in the joint capsule is taken up
30
Elastic end feel
Musculotendinous slack is taken up and a rebound is felt
31
Empty end feel
Feeling that there is nothing mechanically stopping motion except for subjects complaint of pain. This is an abnormal and feel wrong time and Wrong quality also plays a role.
32
Closed packed position
Joint services are maximally, congruent, and ligaments and capsules are maximally taut Greatest stability in this position Resistant to forces that cause distraction of joint services Accessory motions are limited
33
Loose or open packed position
Joint surfaces have the most freedom of movement Ligaments and capsules are slackened Resting position of the joint Increase translatoric movements Less compressive forces within a joint
34
Accessory motions
Motions that occur between the articular surfaces Roll, glide, and spin Can occur due to a muscle contraction or because of the natural laxity of joint structures
35
Roll
When new equidistant points on one joint surface, come into contact with new equidistant points on another surface
36
Glide
When the same point on one surface comes into contact with new points on another surface
37
Spin
A single point on one surface rotates on a single point on another surface
38
Concave on a fixed convex
Roll and glide is in the same direction
39
Convex on a fixed concave
Roll and glide in opposite directions
40
Traction or distraction
Separation of joint surfaces
41
Approximation
Joint surfaces get closer to each other
42
Kinetics
The study of motion under the action of forces
43
Types of forces on musculoskeletal tissues
Tension, compression, bending, sheer, torsion, combined loading
44
Stress and strain curve
The ability of connective tissues to tolerate load
45
First zone of the stress strain curve
Slightly stretching, minimal amount of tension in the zone
46
Elastic zone /second zone of stress strain curve
Linear relationship between stress and strain in this zone
47
Plastic zone/3rd zone of stress strain curve
Minimal increase intention as it continues to elongate. Microscopic, failure, and permanent deformation in this zone
48
Fourth zone of stress strain curve
Initial point of failure
49
5th zone of stress strain curve
Complete failure of the muscle
50
Viscoelastic
Tissues in which stress strain curve is affected by time
51
Creep
Progressive strain when exposed to a constant load overtime Increases with increasing temperature
52
Stress relaxation
The decrease in stress overtime that occurs when a body is suddenly strained, and the strain is maintained at a constant magnitude after work
53
Consent contraction
Muscle attachments from closer together muscle is shortening. Is occurring against gravity, raising or lifting up activity acceleration activity
54
Eccentric contraction
Attachments move farther apart muscle is lengthening Movement usually occurs with gravity, lowering down activity Deceleration activity
55
Agonist
Muscle mostly responsible for creating a motion
56
Antagonist
Muscle that is usually doing the opposite action of the agonist
57
Co-contraction
Simultaneous contraction by an agonist and its antagonist
58
Synergists
Pair of muscles that work together to produce a motion
59
Force couple
When were more muscles work together to produce forces in different linear directions, yet the torques act in the same rotatory direction
60
Active tension
Tension from an active muscle contraction
61
How does active tension increase?
Increasing the number of motor units recruited Recruiting motor units with the larger number of muscle fibers Increasing cross bridge formation Recruiting muscle with the larger cross-sectional area
62
Passive tension
Resistance developed by the connective tissues with a muscle when that muscle is lengthened Non-volitional
63
Length tension relationship
There is an optimal length of a muscle or maximal tension can be developed At mid range, there are maximum cross bridges formed, and max tension can be achieved Tension decreases if the muscle is fully shortened or lengthened
64
Tenodesis
Occurs with multi joint muscles Tendon action of a muscle Muscle does not have to be lengthen to be stretched over all joints simultaneously Example: wrist extends and finger slightly flex
65
Passive insufficiency
When a muscle crosses over several joints in the length of the muscle may not allow full range of motion at each joint simultaneously. The muscle must cross two or more joints Involves the elastic or elastic contract tile tissues Occurs in the antagonist to the motion
66
Active insufficiency
Diminished ability of a muscle to produce or maintain tension Occurs in the agonist to the motion Occurs when a muscle has been excessively, shortened or elongated to the point of no cross bridge formation Can occur in one joint muscles, but more significant multi joint muscles Involves contractile elements
67
Mechanical advantage
Ratio of internal moment, arm to external moment arm If the ratio is more than one that’s good If the ratio is less than one, it’s bad
68
Synarthrosis
Bones are joined by dense connective tissue Negligible movement No joint cavity
69
Amphiarthrosis
Bones are joined by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline) Restrained movement No joint cavity
70
Diarthrosis
Synovial joint Contains a fluid filled cavity Produces extensive movement
71
Diarthrosis
Contains synovial fluid articular, cartilage, capsule, synovial membrane, capsular, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels
72
Articular cartilage
Specialized type of hyaline cartilage Type 2 collagen Avascular and aneural Covers weight bearing surfaces Shock absorption and friction reduction Diffusion for nourishment
73
Fibrocartilage
Type 1 collagen Forms IV discs, labrum, knee menisci Supports and stabilizes the joint Dissipates the compressive forces
74
Ligaments
Dense irregular connective tissue Low elastin fibers Connects one bony component to another Reinforces the joint
75
Tendons
Connects muscle to bone Collagen and elastin fibers Parallel to arrangement to tensile forces
76
Labrum
Fibrocartilage Increases the depth of the articular surface Improves the joint stability
77
Bursae
Sacs of synovial fluid Reduces friction
78
Fats pads
Fill recesses formed by incongruent joints
79
Uniaxial
Movement around only in axis 1 degree of freedom Example: hinge and pivot
80
Biaxial joints
Motion around two axis’ 2 degrees of freedom Types: Ellipsoid Condyloid Saddle
81
Triaxial
Motion around three axis’ 3 degrees of freedom Types: Plane Ball and socket
82
Hinge joint
The joint between the humerus and the ulna Like a door opening and closing
83
Pivot joint
Joint between Radius and ulna Like a screw Uniaxial
84
Ellipsoid joint
Joint in the wrist Flexion extension and deviation
85
Condyloid joint
Between tibia and femur Flexion and extension Abduction and abduction Circumduction
86
Saddle joint
Joint in the thumb Left and right Flex and extend
87
Ball and socket
Joint in between pelvis and femur Triaxial
88
Planar joint
Triaxial Rotation and translation

functional anatomy (3 decks)

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