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functional anatomy > kinesiology > Flashcards

kinesiology Flashcards

1
Q

Study of human movement

A

Kinesiology

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2
Q

Study of motion without regards to horses or torque that may produce motion

A

Kinematics

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3
Q

Point of a body moving in a circular fashion around an axis and all the points moving in the same direction at the same speed and across the same number of degrees.
Also called angular movement

A

Rotation

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4
Q

Kinesiology

A

Study of human movement that involves Biomechanics, anatomy and physiology

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5
Q

Kinematics

A

The study of motion without regards to the forces or torque that may produce motion.

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6
Q

What are the two types of motions discussed in kinematics?

A

Rotation and translation

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7
Q

What is rotation?

A

Points of a body moving in a circular fashion around an axis. All the points move in the same direction at the same speed across the same number of degrees.

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8
Q

What is another name for rotation?

A

Angular movements

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9
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Study of angular movements

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10
Q

What is translation?

A

Linear motion in which all points in an object move parallel to each other, in the same direction and at the same speed as every other point of that same object

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11
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Study of translatoric movements

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12
Q

Anatomical position

A

Body longitudinal eyes forward, palms forward, toes forward

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13
Q

Fundamental position

A

Same as anatomical, but palms face sides of body

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14
Q

What are the three Osteokinematic planes?

A

Sagittal, frontal and transverse

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15
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides the body into right and left equal parts.
Medial and lateral axis of rotation
Flexion and extension is in this plane

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16
Q

Frontal plane

A

Divides the body into front and back
Anterior and posterior axis of rotation
Abduction and abduction are in this plane

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17
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides the body into upper and lower sections
Vertical axis is axis of rotation
External and internal rotation are in this plane

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18
Q

Degrees of freedom

A

The number of permitted planes of angular motion at a joint
Up to 3° possible

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19
Q

Normal muscle action

A

Distal segment moves on a fixed proximal segment
Tibia on femur flexion is an example

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20
Q

Reverse muscle action

A

Proximal segment moves on a fixed distal segment
Femur on tibia flexion

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21
Q

Kinematic chain

A

A system of joints and body segments arranged, so that motion of one joint will produce motion at the other joints in the system in a predictable manner.
Most accurate when the distal and proximal ends are fixed

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22
Q

Closed chain

A

Distal segment fixed

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23
Q

Open chain

A

Proximal segment is fixed

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24
Q

What can limit angular motion?

A

Shape of joint
surface joint
capsule ligaments,
muscle bulk
musculotendinous structures
Bony structures
Pain

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25
Q

End feel

A

The feeling imparted into the examiners hand at the end of a passive motion
This has normal and abnormal components

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26
Q

Hard end feel

A

Bone compacting against bone

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27
Q

Soft end feel

A

Soft tissue approximation

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28
Q

Firm end feel

A

Feeling of a firm but slightly yielding stop, from the stretch of capsules, ligaments, and other connective tissues

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29
Q

Capsular end feel

A

Slack in the joint capsule is taken up

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30
Q

Elastic end feel

A

Musculotendinous slack is taken up and a rebound is felt

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31
Q

Empty end feel

A

Feeling that there is nothing mechanically stopping motion except for subjects complaint of pain. This is an abnormal and feel wrong time and Wrong quality also plays a role.

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32
Q

Closed packed position

A

Joint services are maximally, congruent, and ligaments and capsules are maximally taut
Greatest stability in this position
Resistant to forces that cause distraction of joint services
Accessory motions are limited

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33
Q

Loose or open packed position

A

Joint surfaces have the most freedom of movement
Ligaments and capsules are slackened
Resting position of the joint
Increase translatoric movements
Less compressive forces within a joint

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34
Q

Accessory motions

A

Motions that occur between the articular surfaces
Roll, glide, and spin
Can occur due to a muscle contraction or because of the natural laxity of joint structures

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35
Q

Roll

A

When new equidistant points on one joint surface, come into contact with new equidistant points on another surface

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36
Q

Glide

A

When the same point on one surface comes into contact with new points on another surface

37
Q

Spin

A

A single point on one surface rotates on a single point on another surface

38
Q

Concave on a fixed convex

A

Roll and glide is in the same direction

39
Q

Convex on a fixed concave

A

Roll and glide in opposite directions

40
Q

Traction or distraction

A

Separation of joint surfaces

41
Q

Approximation

A

Joint surfaces get closer to each other

42
Q

Kinetics

A

The study of motion under the action of forces

43
Q

Types of forces on musculoskeletal tissues

A

Tension, compression, bending, sheer, torsion, combined loading

44
Q

Stress and strain curve

A

The ability of connective tissues to tolerate load

45
Q

First zone of the stress strain curve

A

Slightly stretching, minimal amount of tension in the zone

46
Q

Elastic zone /second zone of stress strain curve

A

Linear relationship between stress and strain in this zone

47
Q

Plastic zone/3rd zone of stress strain curve

A

Minimal increase intention as it continues to elongate.
Microscopic, failure, and permanent deformation in this zone

48
Q

Fourth zone of stress strain curve

A

Initial point of failure

49
Q

5th zone of stress strain curve

A

Complete failure of the muscle

50
Q

Viscoelastic

A

Tissues in which stress strain curve is affected by time

51
Q

Creep

A

Progressive strain when exposed to a constant load overtime
Increases with increasing temperature

52
Q

Stress relaxation

A

The decrease in stress overtime that occurs when a body is suddenly strained, and the strain is maintained at a constant magnitude after work

53
Q

Consent contraction

A

Muscle attachments from closer together muscle is shortening.
Is occurring against gravity, raising or lifting up activity
acceleration activity

54
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

Attachments move farther apart muscle is lengthening
Movement usually occurs with gravity, lowering down activity
Deceleration activity

55
Q

Agonist

A

Muscle mostly responsible for creating a motion

56
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle that is usually doing the opposite action of the agonist

57
Q

Co-contraction

A

Simultaneous contraction by an agonist and its antagonist

58
Q

Synergists

A

Pair of muscles that work together to produce a motion

59
Q

Force couple

A

When were more muscles work together to produce forces in different linear directions, yet the torques act in the same rotatory direction

60
Q

Active tension

A

Tension from an active muscle contraction

61
Q

How does active tension increase?

A

Increasing the number of motor units recruited
Recruiting motor units with the larger number of muscle fibers
Increasing cross bridge formation
Recruiting muscle with the larger cross-sectional area

62
Q

Passive tension

A

Resistance developed by the connective tissues with a muscle when that muscle is lengthened
Non-volitional

63
Q

Length tension relationship

A

There is an optimal length of a muscle or maximal tension can be developed
At mid range, there are maximum cross bridges formed, and max tension can be achieved
Tension decreases if the muscle is fully shortened or lengthened

64
Q

Tenodesis

A

Occurs with multi joint muscles
Tendon action of a muscle
Muscle does not have to be lengthen to be stretched over all joints simultaneously
Example: wrist extends and finger slightly flex

65
Q

Passive insufficiency

A

When a muscle crosses over several joints in the length of the muscle may not allow full range of motion at each joint simultaneously.
The muscle must cross two or more joints
Involves the elastic or elastic contract tile tissues
Occurs in the antagonist to the motion

66
Q

Active insufficiency

A

Diminished ability of a muscle to produce or maintain tension
Occurs in the agonist to the motion
Occurs when a muscle has been excessively, shortened or elongated to the point of no cross bridge formation
Can occur in one joint muscles, but more significant multi joint muscles
Involves contractile elements

67
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

Ratio of internal moment, arm to external moment arm
If the ratio is more than one that’s good
If the ratio is less than one, it’s bad

68
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Bones are joined by dense connective tissue
Negligible movement
No joint cavity

69
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Bones are joined by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline)
Restrained movement
No joint cavity

70
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Synovial joint
Contains a fluid filled cavity
Produces extensive movement

71
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Contains synovial fluid articular, cartilage, capsule, synovial membrane, capsular, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels

72
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Specialized type of hyaline cartilage
Type 2 collagen
Avascular and aneural
Covers weight bearing surfaces
Shock absorption and friction reduction
Diffusion for nourishment

73
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Type 1 collagen
Forms IV discs, labrum, knee menisci
Supports and stabilizes the joint
Dissipates the compressive forces

74
Q

Ligaments

A

Dense irregular connective tissue
Low elastin fibers
Connects one bony component to another
Reinforces the joint

75
Q

Tendons

A

Connects muscle to bone
Collagen and elastin fibers
Parallel to arrangement to tensile forces

76
Q

Labrum

A

Fibrocartilage
Increases the depth of the articular surface
Improves the joint stability

77
Q

Bursae

A

Sacs of synovial fluid
Reduces friction

78
Q

Fats pads

A

Fill recesses formed by incongruent joints

79
Q

Uniaxial

A

Movement around only in axis
1 degree of freedom
Example: hinge and pivot

80
Q

Biaxial joints

A

Motion around two axis’
2 degrees of freedom
Types:
Ellipsoid
Condyloid
Saddle

81
Q

Triaxial

A

Motion around three axis’
3 degrees of freedom
Types:
Plane
Ball and socket

82
Q

Hinge joint

A

The joint between the humerus and the ulna
Like a door opening and closing

83
Q

Pivot joint

A

Joint between Radius and ulna
Like a screw
Uniaxial

84
Q

Ellipsoid joint

A

Joint in the wrist
Flexion extension and deviation

85
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Between tibia and femur
Flexion and extension
Abduction and abduction
Circumduction

86
Q

Saddle joint

A

Joint in the thumb
Left and right
Flex and extend

87
Q

Ball and socket

A

Joint in between pelvis and femur
Triaxial

88
Q

Planar joint

A

Triaxial
Rotation and translation

functional anatomy (3 decks)

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