kinesiology Flashcards
movements between joint surfaces: roll - spin- glide or slide
-Rotation of a single point of one joint surface on the adjacent joint surface
arthrokinematic motions
movements of limbs through space about a joint - flexion/extension -abduction/adduction -medial rotation/lateral rotation
osteokinematic motions
erect posture, weight evenly distibuted, eyes facing forward, feet parallel and slightly apart. The zero point.
anatomical position
distal segment is fixed, proximal segment is free to move
closed kinetic chain
distal segment is free to move, proximal segment fixed
open kinetic chain
Sagittal plane passes through body
- divides body into right and left
sagittal plane
Frontal plane passes through body
-vertically side to side divides
frontal plane
Horizontal plane passes through body
-horizontally divides body into superior and inferior
transverse
axis that passes through joint anterior to posterior
sagittal axis
axis that passes through joint side to side
frontal
axis that passes through joint superior to inferior
vertical
in which plane and axis does flexion/ extension occur?
saggital plane - frontal axis
in which plane and axis does abduction/ adduction occur?
frontal plane - sagittal axis
in which plane and axis does medial rotation/ lateral rotation
horizontal plane - vertical axis
unbixial
motion in one plane about one axis. one degree of freedom
biaxial
motion in two planes about two axes. two degrees of freedom.
ex: shoulder and hip joints have 3 degrees of freedom.
elbow, uniaxial joint has one degree of freedom
the amount of motion a joint can move in any of its possible directions
range of motion
has magnitude and direction
(force, velocity, acceleration)
vector
the amount of push or pull applied to objects
- push creates compression, pull creates traction
- internal forces include muscle contractions, ligamentous restraint.
force
the mutual attraction btwn the earth and an object
gravity
the force btwn two surfaces that increased resistance to motion of one surface across another
-increased by compression, decreased by traction
friction
two or more forces acting along the same line
linear forces
occur in the same plane and in the same or opposite direction
parallel forces
specific configuration of parallel forces, two or more forces acting in different directions, produces clockwise rotation
fource couple
two or more forces acting on an object, resultant force vector.
concurrent forces
joint surfaces pull apart
traction
joint surfaces push closer together
compression
gliding motion of joint surfaces parallel to one another
shear
force is not applied at the central axis of an object, causing the object to bend.
bending
tendency of a force to produce rotation about an axis. The amount of torque generated is dependent apon; force applied, distance from axis that the force is applied, etc.
torque
FIRST LAW. law in which an object stays at rest or in motion at a constant state unless acted upon an external force.
law of inertia
SECOND LAW. law in which the acceleration of an object is inversely related to the mass of the object and directly proportionate to the amount of force.
law of acceleration
THRID LAW. law that states that for every action there is and equal and opposite reaction.
law of action- reaction
the point which the the sum of the mass of all body segment is located.
Center of Mass (COM)
point at which gravity acts on the center of mass.
Center of Gravity (GOG)
areas encompassed by the body’s contact with the supporting surface.
Base of support
motion that occurs in a curved path that is not circular
curvilinear motion
all parts move at the same time, same direction but not the same distance. Around a fixed joint.
angular motion
Axis is btwn force and resistance.
FIRST CLASS LEVER.
F A R.
resistance is btwn axis and the force.
FA, LONGER THAN RA
SECOND CLASS LEVER.
A R F.
force is btwn the axis and resistance.
RA, LONGER THAN FA
THRID CLASS LEVER.
A F R.
Fact:
JOINT= AXES
BONES= LEVERS
MUSCLES= FORCES
a grooved wheel that turns about an axis with a rope in the groove providing attachment for an applied force
pulley
length of a muscle when its not shortened or lengthened by active contraction or the application of external force.
normal resting lenght
four properties of a muscle
irritability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity
when the length is SHORTENING
concentric
when the length is LENGTHENING
eccentric
when there is NO CHANGE in length
isometric
binding of myosin heads to actin is called?
cross bridges
fiber type termed in slow twitch or slow oxidative.
-smaller in diameter, slower to respond to stimulus, postural muscles
Type l
fiber type termed faster twitch or fast glycolytic
- larger in diameter, respond quick to stimulation, prone to fatigue
Type ll
proximal muscle attatchment
origin
distal muscle attachment
insertion
muscle responsible for desired motion
agonist
muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist
antagonist
simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist
co- contraction
two or more muscles contracting together to produce motion that neither can perform individually
synergist
unable to actively SHORTEN simultaneously through full ROM.
active insufficiency
unable to LENGTHEN simultaneously through full ROM
passive insufficiency
which type joint provides the most mobility?
synovial
Where the bone grows:
epiphyseal plate
which type of bone functions to support and protect?
(OUTER LAYER OF BONE)
compact bone
closing of first through passive insufficiency.
allows some grasp and release for those who cant control actively grasp and release.
tenodesis
strain (overstretching), rupture (complete tear of tendon), trigger points (pain in muscles), tendonitis (inflammation of tendon) are examples of what?
common pathologies of muscle and tendons
bones of the head, neck thorax, trunk and pelvis are part of which skeleton
axial skeleton
bones of the extremities
appendicular system
osteoclast:
bone resorption
types of bones
long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
what is the function of the sesamoid bones
changes the angle of tendons attachments
foramen, fossa, groove, meatus, sinus, are which type of structures?
depression and openings
condyle, eminence, facet, head are which type of structures?
projection or processes relation to joints
avulsion, closed, comminuted, complete, complicated, compression are all examples of?
fractures
osteopenia:
reduced bone mass
osteoporosis:
loss of bone mass
osteomyelitis:
bacterial infection of bone
allows motion and provides stability:
joints
name the two different types of joints
synarthosis (stability), and diarthrosis (mobility)
the ligaments or interosseous membrane btwn bones is called:
(ex. fibula-tibia, radius-ulna)
synarthrosis synarthrodial
bones, ligaments, capsule, synovial membrane and bursa are what?
structures of a joint
connect muscles to bone, shapes include cylindrical cords or flat band:
tendons
broad, flat tendinous sheet of connective tissue
aponeurosis
the sensation when moving a patients joint to the end of its ROM
end feel
soft “give” at the end of ROM
soft end feel
sligh “give” at end of ROM
firm end feel
bony end feel, no ‘give”
hard end feel
ovoid, sellar and flat are examples of
types of joint surfaces
motion of one surface rolling on and adjacent surface. A new point of one joint surface contacts a new point.
roll
linear movement of one joint surface parallel to the plane.
Single point of one joint surface contacts new points.
glide or slide
rotation of a single point on one joint surface.
Same point on each joint surface remains in contact throughout the motion
spin
same direction
concave
opposite direction
convex
