KINE 3200-CHAPTER 5: SHOULDER JOINT Flashcards
1
Q
What is the primary function of the shoulder joint and shoulder girdle?
A
To carry out upper extremity activities.
2
Q
What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
A
Glenohumeral joint.
3
Q
How is the shoulder joint attached to the axial skeleton?
A
Only via scapula and its attachment through clavicle at sternoclavicular joint.
4
Q
The only attachment of the shoulder joint to the axial skeleton is through the _______.
A
Scapula.
5
Q
What joint connects the clavicle to the axial skeleton?
A
Sternoclavicular joint.
6
Q
What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
A
Multiaxial ball and socket joint (enarthrodial)
7
Q
In how many planes does the shoulder joint move?
A
All planes
8
Q
What is the most movable joint in the body?
A
Shoulder joint
9
Q
What is sacrificed to gain mobility in the shoulder joint?
A
Stability
10
Q
Which bones serve as attachments for most of the muscles of the shoulder joint?
A
Scapula, clavicle, and humerus
11
Q
What is another name for the clavicle?
A
Collar bone
12
Q
Describe the shape of the clavicle.
A
Long, slender, s-shaped with a concave and convex curve
13
Q
What is the weakest point of the clavicle?
A
The junction
14
Q
With which structures does the clavicle articulate?
A
Acromion and sternum
15
Q
What is the primary function of the clavicle?
A
Supports the arms and transmits force from the arms to the central skeleton
16
Q
True or False: The clavicle is rarely fractured or injured.
A
False
17
Q
Fill in the blank: The ligaments of the shoulder joint are quite lax until the extreme ranges of motion are reached, sacrificing _______ for mobility.
A
Stability
18
Q
A
19
Q
What is the scapula?
A
Posterior part of the shoulder girdle
The scapula is also known as the shoulder blade.
20
Q
Describe the shape of the scapula.
A
Flat, triangular bone
The triangular shape allows for a wide range of motion in the shoulder.
21
Q
List important parts of the scapula.
A
- Spine
- Body
- Acromion
- Coracoid
- Borders
- Angles
- Fossa
Each part serves a specific function in shoulder movement and stability.
22
Q
A
23
Q
What is the longest/largest bone of the upper limb?
A
Humerus
The humerus is covered in hyaline cartilage which reduces wear and tear.
24
Q
What bones does the humerus articulate with?
A
Scapula, radius, ulna
These articulations are critical for shoulder and arm movement.
25
List the important parts of the humerus.
* Head
* Greater tubercle
* Lesser tubercle
* Body
* Deltoid tuberosity
* Fossa
* Epicondyles
* Capitulum
* Trochlea
## Footnote
Each part plays a role in muscle attachment and joint formation.
26
True or False: Ligaments contract and relax like muscles do.
False
## Footnote
Ligaments provide stability but do not have the ability to contract.
27
Which joint is most frequently injured?
Shoulder joint
## Footnote
Compared to the hip joint, the shoulder joint has a higher injury rate.
28
What is the relationship between joint mobility and stability?
The more mobile a joint is, the less stable it is and vice versa
## Footnote
This principle applies to many joints in the body.
29
What structures enhance the glenoid cavity?
A cartilaginous ring
## Footnote
This ring helps stabilize the shoulder joint.
30
Name the movements of the shoulder joint.
* Abduction
* Adduction
* Flexion
* Extension
* Internal rotation
* External rotation
* Horizontal abduction
* Horizontal adduction
* Diagonal abduction
* Diagonal adduction
## Footnote
These movements allow for a wide range of arm motions.
31
What movements occur in the shoulder girdle?
* Upward rotation
* Downward rotation
* Elevation
* Depression
* Protraction (abduction)
* Retraction (adduction)
## Footnote
Shoulder girdle movements are coordinated with shoulder joint movements.
32
What anatomical features contribute to shoulder joint injuries?
* Shallowness of glenoid fossa
* Laxity of ligaments
* Lack of strength and endurance
## Footnote
These factors lead to common injuries like dislocations and rotator cuff injuries.
33
Define flexion in the context of shoulder movement.
Anterior movement of humerus
## Footnote
Flexion reduces the angle between the arm and the body.
34
Define extension in the context of shoulder movement.
Posterior movement of humerus
## Footnote
Extension increases the angle between the arm and the body.
35
What is abduction?
Movement away from the body
## Footnote
This action raises the arm sideways.
36
What is adduction?
Movement toward the body
## Footnote
This action lowers the arm back toward the body.
37
What is internal rotation?
Movement of humerus medially around its long axis toward the midline
## Footnote
This action brings the arm closer to the body.
38
What is external rotation?
Movement of humerus laterally around its long axis away from the midline
## Footnote
This action moves the arm away from the body.
39
Name the muscles located on the anterior side of the shoulder.
* Pectoralis major
* Coracobrachialis
* Subscapularis
## Footnote
These muscles are involved in flexion and internal rotation.
40
Name the muscles located on the posterior side of the shoulder.
* Latissimus dorsi
* Teres major
* Infraspinatus
* Teres minor
## Footnote
These muscles are involved in extension and external rotation.
41
Name the muscles located on the superior side of the shoulder.
* Deltoid
* Supraspinatus
## Footnote
These muscles are crucial for arm abduction.
42
What is the pectoralis major?
An extrinsic muscle
43
How can you strengthen the pectoralis major?
Do push ups
44
What exercise targets the upper fibers of the pectoralis major?
Incline bench press
45
What exercise targets the lower fibers of the pectoralis major?
Declined bench press
46
What is the origin of the pectoralis major?
Medial half of anterior surface of clavicle, anterior surface of costal cartilages of first 6 ribs, adjoining portion of the sternum
47
What is the insertion point of the pectoralis major?
Flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to outer lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
48
What are the actions of the pectoralis major?
Adduction and internal rotation
49
What is the origin of the coracobrachialis?
Coracoid process of scapula
## Footnote
The coracobrachialis is a muscle of the upper arm.
50
Where does the coracobrachialis insert?
Medial surface of humerus
## Footnote
This position allows for effective leverage during arm movements.
51
What are the actions of the coracobrachialis?
Flexion, adduction, and horizontal adduction
## Footnote
These actions contribute to various movements of the arm.
52
What is the origin of the deltoid muscle?
Anterior third of clavicle, lateral acromion, inferior edge of spine of scapula
## Footnote
The deltoid muscle has a broad origin, allowing it to perform multiple functions.
53
Where does the deltoid muscle insert?
Deltoid tuberosity on lateral humerus
## Footnote
This insertion allows for a wide range of shoulder movements.
54
How is the deltoid muscle divided?
Anterior, middle, and posterior fibers
## Footnote
Each compartment has distinct functions related to shoulder movement.
55
What actions do the anterior fibers of the deltoid perform?
Abduction, flexion, and horizontal adduction
## Footnote
These actions are crucial for lifting and reaching movements.
56
What actions do the posterior fibers of the deltoid perform?
Horizontally abduct, extend, and externally rotate
## Footnote
These movements are important for actions like throwing and reaching backward.
57
What exercises can strengthen the posterior fibers of the deltoid?
Lat pull downs and pull down in bench press
## Footnote
These exercises target the back and shoulder muscles effectively.
58
What type of stretch is used for the anterior fibers of the deltoid?
Horizontal abduction stretch
## Footnote
This stretch helps increase flexibility in the anterior shoulder region.
59
What type of stretch is used for the posterior fibers of the deltoid?
Horizontal adduction stretch
## Footnote
This stretch can help alleviate tightness in the posterior shoulder area.
60
61
What is the latissimus dorsi?
The broadest muscle in our back, also known as the swimmer's muscle.
62
What type of muscle is the latissimus dorsi?
Extrinsic muscle.
63
What is the antagonist muscle for the latissimus dorsi?
Pectoralis major.
64
What are the primary actions of the latissimus dorsi?
Extension in the lateral plane, internal rotation in the transverse plane, and adduction in the frontal plane.
65
Where does the latissimus dorsi insert?
On the medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
66
Where does the latissimus dorsi originate?
On the posterior crest of the ilium, back of the sacrum, spinous processes of lumbar and lower six thoracic vertebrae, and slips from the lower three ribs.
67
How can you stretch the latissimus dorsi?
By horizontally abducting.
68
What exercises can strengthen the latissimus dorsi?
Lat pull-ups, pull-downs, dumbbell rows, and lat pull-overs.
69
What is the teres major?
A muscle that is weaker than the latissimus dorsi, known as 'latissimus dorsi's little helper.'
70
Where does the teres major insert?
The medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
71
Where does the teres major originate?
On the inferior third of the lateral border of the scapula.
72
What are the rotator cuff muscles collectively referred to as?
SITS.
73
What is the primary purpose of the rotator cuff muscles?
To maintain the humeral head in a stable position.
74
What is the function of the supraspinatus?
Stabilizes the humeral head, shoulder abduction, and external rotation.
75
Where does the supraspinatus originate and insert?
Originates on the medial two-thirds of the supraspinous fossa and inserts superiorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus.
76
Which rotator cuff muscle is the second most commonly injured?
Infraspinatus.
77
Where does the infraspinatus originate and insert?
Originates on the posterior surface of the scapula below the spine and inserts on the greater tubercle on the posterior side.
78
Where does the teres minor originate and insert?
Originates on the posterior scapula on the lateral border and inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus on the posterior side.
79
What is the function of the subscapularis?
Stabilizes the humeral head, internally rotates the humeral head, and performs extension and adduction.
80
Where does the subscapularis originate and insert?
Originates on the entire anterior surface of the subscapular fossa and inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus.
81
coracoacromial ligament
provides support to the head of the humerus that prevents superior dislocation
82
what do the nerves of the brachial plexus innervate?
all muscles of the shoulder joint (all the muscles in this slide deck)
83
intrinsic muscles of glenohunmeral joint
coracobrachialis, rotator cuff group, and deltoid
84
musculocutaneous nerve
provides sensation to radial aspect of forearm
85
Where can the latissimus dorsi be palpated?
The upper lumbar/lower thoracic area during extension from a flexed position
86
when does impingement syndrome happen?
when the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles become irritated and inflamed as they pass through the subacromial space between the acromion process of the scapula and the head of the humerus
87
Where can the teres major muscle be palpated?
Just above the latissimus dorsi and below the teres minor on the posterior scapula surface
