Kin Random Study Flashcards
Features of Anatomical Position
Standing upright, feet flat on floor, arms at side of body, facing the observer, palms facing forward (supinated
All Planes and Axes
Sagittal Plane - Horizontal Axis
Frontal Plane - Antero-Posterior Axis
Transverse Plane - Longitudinal Axis
Superior
Nearer to the head
Inferior
Farther away from the head
Anterior(venteral)
nearer to or in front of the body
Posterior(dorsal)
Nearer to or at the back of the body
Medial
Closer to the midline of the body
Lateral
farther away from the midline of the body
Proximal
nearer to the attachment of an extremity
Distal
Farther from the attachment of an extremity
Superficial
On or near the surface of the body
Deep
farther away from the surface of the body
Flextion
Flexion at a joint results in a decrease of the angle between the two segments that meet at that joint
Extention
Extension at a joint result in an increase of the angle between two segments that meet at that point
Dorsiflextion
Bringing the toes toward the shin
Plantar flexion
Pointing the toes away from the shin (toward the floor)
abduction
Moving a segment away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Moving a segment towards the midline of the body
Internal (medial) Rotation
Rotation towards the midline
External (lateral) rotation
Rotation away from the midline
Pronation
palms down
supination
palms up
Inversion
When the sole is turned inward (as when you “go over” on your ankle)
Eversion
When the sole is turned outward or away from the median plane of the body
Elevation
Raising a part to a superior position
Depression
Lowering a part to an inferior position
Circumduction
A combination of abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension
This action describes a circle
E.g. moving the shoulder in a circle (swimming, windmill throw in baseball); can also be done at the hip joint
Opposition
Bringing thumb towards fingers (touch thumb to pinky)
Reposition
Returning thumb back to anatomical position
How many bones in the adult human skeleton
206
5 functions of the skeletal system
- Supports tissues and provides a framework for our body
- Protects organs e.g. rib cage (protects lungs and heart etc.), skull (protects brain)
- Reservoir of minerals such as phosphorus and calcium which may be used in time of need (repair and function)
- Produces blood cells & platelets
- Movement produced by muscles attached to bones by tendons
Axial Skeleton
80 bones (skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage) supports and protects organs
Appendicular skeleton
126 bones, upper and lower extremities, shoulder and pelvic girdles anchor to the axial skeleton
5 types of bones (classification of bones)
Long, short, irregular, flat, sesamoid
Periosteum
A fibrous, cellular, vascular and highly sensitive life support sheath covering the length of the bone (not ends).
Allows for ligaments and tendons to attach to the bone.
(anatomy of long bone)
Diaphysis
The shaft or central part of a long bone.
(anatomy of long bone)
Medullary Cavity
The cavity of the diaphysis that contains red and yellow marrow.
(anatomy of long bone)
Epiphysis
The ends of the long bone.
Outer surface made up of cancellous bone.
Articulates (i.e. makes contact) with adjacent bones.
(anatomy of long bone)
Articular Cartilage
Covers the end (Epiphysis) of the long bone.
Smooth, slippery, porous, malleable, insensitive, and bloodless surface that makes contact with adjacent bones.
(anatomy of long bone)
Nutrient Artery
The principal artery and major supplier of oxygen and nutrients to the shaft of a bone.
(anatomy of long bone)
Cancellous (Spongy) Bone
Consists of interwoven beams (trabeculae) of bone
The spaces are filled with marrow.
found inside the bone
Compact (Cortical) Bone
Dense bone that forms in the walls of the diaphysis.
Provides structural integrity
outside of bone (but inside of the bone skin/Periosteum
Red Marrow
A gelatinous substance where blood cell formation occurs (red and white).
Yellow Marrow
Fatty connective tissue that no longer produces blood cells (with age red marrow becomes yellow).
Ossification (bone formation)
begins by the end of the eighth week after conception and continues throughout adulthood
Bone remodeling
occurs continuously throughout the lifetime
process slows with age
the balance of bone breakdown and reconstruction ensures skeletal integrity
Key Players in bone formation and remodeling
- Osteocytes: mature bone cells
- Osteoblasts: Bone forming/reconstructing cells (osteoblastic activity)
Layered over the bone
Deposit calcium into the matrix that is building up cortical bone
Produce collagen and other proteins to synthesize the bone matrix - Osteoclasts: Cells that break down and reabsorb bone (osteoclastic activity)
Imbedded in the bone matrix near the site of reabsorption
Dissolve calcium first, then the organic matrix of the bone
process of Bone Formation
- Bones begin as cartilaginous models (8 wks after conception)
- The periosteum forms around the models
- Osteoblasts synthesize the compact bone of the diaphysis
- Cartilage in diaphysis is transformed into cancelous bone as growth continues outward from the center
- Osteoclasts breakdown cancelous bone to form the medullary cavity
What is bone formation?
The process by which our body continually destroys and rebuilds bone tissue throughout our lives.
Wolf’s Law
Bones will grow or remodel in response to the forces or demands placed on them
3 types of joints (articulations)
(classification is based on the presence or absence of a space called a joint cavity)
Fibrous – no joint cavity; bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue
Cartilaginous – no joint cavity; bones are held together by cartilage
Synovial – joint cavity; bones are united by a surrounding articular capsule;
accessory ligaments are present
Parts/structure of Synovial Joints
Articular cartilage- located on the ends of the bones
Joint capsule- synovial membrane and fibrous capsule
Joint cavity- filled with synovial fluid (a lubricant for the joint)
Bursae- small fluid sacs found at friction points
Intrinsic ligaments- thick bands of connective tissue to reinforce the joint capsule
Extrinsic ligaments- help to reinforce the joint
Types of Synovial joints
Ball and Socket, Ellipsoidal (Condyloid) Joint, Gliding (Plane) Joint, Hinge Joint, Pivot Joint, Saddle Joint
Ball and Socket Joint e.g.
Hip socket
Ellipsoidal (Condyloid) Joint e.g.
wrist
Gliding (Plane) Joint e.g.
ankle
Hinge Joint e.g.
elbow joint
Pivot Joint e.g.
neck
Saddle Joint e.g.
Thumb
Parts of the Thorax
ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilages
Function of the Thorax
Support: support of the arms and pectoral girdles (shoulder girdles)
Protection: protection of the visceral organs in the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities
Ventilation: ventilation of the lungs (inspiration (air going in) and expiration (air going out) of air)
Parts of the ribs
- Costal Cartilage (The first ten ribs are attached to the sternum by a strip of hyaline cartilage called the costal cartilage. The cartilage of the first 7 pairs of ribs attach directly to the sternum; The cartilage of the 8th through the 10th pairs attach indirectly to the sternum.)
- Intercostal Spaces (the spaces between the ribs)
- True ribs (1-7), False ribs (8-10), floating ribs (11&12)
3 parts of the sternum
Manubrium: the upper portion
Body: the middle, largest portion of the sternum
Xyphoid Process: the lowest portion of the sternum
Parts of the spine
Cervical: 7 vertebrae, support and move the head and neck
Thoracic: 12 vertebrae, support head, neck and thorax
Lumbar: 5 vertebrae, support upper body, torso and low back
Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx: 2-4 tiny individual or partly fused, rudimentary vertebrae
3 types of Connective Tissues
Fascia, Ligaments, Tendons
Vascularity
Amount of blood supplied to a tissue.
Vascular = with blood e.g. Bone and Muscle
Avascular = without blood e.g. Ligaments and cartilage
Generally, increased vascularity means faster recovery from injury.
AKA better blood supply means faster recovery
3 types of cartilage
Hyaline, Fibrous, Elastic
Tendonitis
Inflammation of a tendon caused by irritation due to prolonged or abnormal use
Sprains & Tears
Injury to ligaments and tendons
Pulls & Strains
Injury to muscle
Dislocation
Bone is displaced from its normal location. May also include damage to joint capsule, ligaments, muscle & tendon. E.g. finger, shoulder, etc.
Separation (injury)
Ligaments holding a joint together tear and separate from one another
Acute Injuries
High Force, awkward posture, low repetition.
Chronic injuries
Lower forces, awkward posture, high repetition
AKA repetitive strain (RSI)
Injury Severity
First degree: Least severe
A few days to heal
Second degree: Moderate
Longer to heal and require special treatment
Third degree: Most severe
Longest to heal (6 -12 mo) may require surgery
Shin Splints
painful condition occurring on the medial or lateral side of the tibia
Stress Fracture
tiny cracks caused by a rapid increase in activity or when an athlete switches training surfaces or wears footwear with improper cushioning
Osteoporosis
a degenerative bone disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration
Fracture
a full bone break due to extreme loads, impact or stresses
Simple/Incomplete Fractures
No separation of the bone into parts
A crack or break is usually detectable
Compound/Complete Fractures
The bone has been completely fractured through its own width
Usually also results in damage to the surrounding soft tissue
They are either OPEN (Bone breaks through the skin) or CLOSED (Bone does not break through the skin)
Compound Fractures (4 types)
Comminuted Fracture, Spiral Fracture, Avulsion Fracture, Impacted Fracture
Comminuted Fracture
The bone is broken into more than two fragments (highly unstable).
Spiral Fracture
The bone has been broken due to a twisting type motion and looks like a corkscrew.
Avulsion Fracture
A fragment of bone is detached from its point of insertion by a tendon or ligament.
Impacted Fracture
One bone fragment is driven into the medullary space or spongy bone of itself or another bone. The ends of the broken bones are wedged together.
(Managing an injury)
The Signs and Symptoms of Soft Tissue Injuries (SHARP)
Swelling
Heat
Altered-function
Red
Painful
(managing an injury)
Treatment of Soft Tissue Injuries (PIER Principle)
Pressure
Ice
Elevation
Restriction
Def of Anatomy
the structure and organization of the body and its organs.
Def of Physiology
the function of the body and its organs
Def of Biomechanics
the study of human movements through the use of physics
Fascia (connective tissue)
The fibrous connective tissue that supports, covers and separates all the muscle groups. It also unites the underlying tissue with the skin.
Ligaments (connective tissue)
A band of fibrous, collagenous tissue connecting bone or cartilage to each other (bone-to-bone)
Tendons (connective tissue)
Tough fibrous and inelastic bands that anchor muscles to bone.
Allows action of muscle to be transferred across joints. (achilles (ark-ill-E’s) tendon)
Hyaline Cartilage
Tough, flexible cartilage found at ends of long bones (femur, humerus etc.), nose, trachea and bronchi
Fibrous Cartilage
Tough, shock-absorbing cartilage e.g. intervertebral discs, meniscus, lines edges of glenoid cavity & acetabulum
Elastic cartilage
Most flexible cartilage that provides structure and support for tissues. Bends and recovers shape e.g. larynx, ear.
2 Managing an Injury Acronyms
SHARP: Swelling, Heat, Altered-function, Red, Painful
PIER: Pressure, Ice, Elevation, Restriction
