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Kin Skeletal Test Need-2-Know > Kin Random Study > Flashcards

Kin Random Study Flashcards

1
Q

Features of Anatomical Position

A

Standing upright, feet flat on floor, arms at side of body, facing the observer, palms facing forward (supinated

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2
Q

All Planes and Axes

A

Sagittal Plane - Horizontal Axis

Frontal Plane - Antero-Posterior Axis

Transverse Plane - Longitudinal Axis

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3
Q

Superior

A

Nearer to the head

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4
Q

Inferior

A

Farther away from the head

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5
Q

Anterior(venteral)

A

nearer to or in front of the body

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6
Q

Posterior(dorsal)

A

Nearer to or at the back of the body

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7
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the midline of the body

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8
Q

Lateral

A

farther away from the midline of the body

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9
Q

Proximal

A

nearer to the attachment of an extremity

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10
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the attachment of an extremity

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11
Q

Superficial

A

On or near the surface of the body

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12
Q

Deep

A

farther away from the surface of the body

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13
Q

Flextion

A

Flexion at a joint results in a decrease of the angle between the two segments that meet at that joint

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14
Q

Extention

A

Extension at a joint result in an increase of the angle between two segments that meet at that point

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15
Q

Dorsiflextion

A

Bringing the toes toward the shin

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16
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Pointing the toes away from the shin (toward the floor)

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17
Q

abduction

A

Moving a segment away from the midline of the body

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18
Q

Adduction

A

Moving a segment towards the midline of the body

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19
Q

Internal (medial) Rotation

A

Rotation towards the midline

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20
Q

External (lateral) rotation

A

Rotation away from the midline

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21
Q

Pronation

A

palms down

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22
Q

supination

A

palms up

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23
Q

Inversion

A

When the sole is turned inward (as when you “go over” on your ankle)

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24
Q

Eversion

A

When the sole is turned outward or away from the median plane of the body

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25
Q

Elevation

A

Raising a part to a superior position

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26
Q

Depression

A

Lowering a part to an inferior position

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27
Q

Circumduction

A

A combination of abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension
This action describes a circle
E.g. moving the shoulder in a circle (swimming, windmill throw in baseball); can also be done at the hip joint

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28
Q

Opposition

A

Bringing thumb towards fingers (touch thumb to pinky)

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29
Q

Reposition

A

Returning thumb back to anatomical position

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30
Q

How many bones in the adult human skeleton

A

206

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31
Q

5 functions of the skeletal system

A
  • Supports tissues and provides a framework for our body
  • Protects organs e.g. rib cage (protects lungs and heart etc.), skull (protects brain)
  • Reservoir of minerals such as phosphorus and calcium which may be used in time of need (repair and function)
  • Produces blood cells & platelets
  • Movement produced by muscles attached to bones by tendons
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32
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

80 bones (skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage) supports and protects organs

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33
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

126 bones, upper and lower extremities, shoulder and pelvic girdles anchor to the axial skeleton

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34
Q

5 types of bones (classification of bones)

A

Long, short, irregular, flat, sesamoid

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35
Q

Periosteum

A

A fibrous, cellular, vascular and highly sensitive life support sheath covering the length of the bone (not ends).
Allows for ligaments and tendons to attach to the bone.
(anatomy of long bone)

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36
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft or central part of a long bone.
(anatomy of long bone)

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37
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

The cavity of the diaphysis that contains red and yellow marrow.
(anatomy of long bone)

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38
Q

Epiphysis

A

The ends of the long bone.
Outer surface made up of cancellous bone.
Articulates (i.e. makes contact) with adjacent bones.
(anatomy of long bone)

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39
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Covers the end (Epiphysis) of the long bone.
Smooth, slippery, porous, malleable, insensitive, and bloodless surface that makes contact with adjacent bones.
(anatomy of long bone)

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40
Q

Nutrient Artery

A

The principal artery and major supplier of oxygen and nutrients to the shaft of a bone.
(anatomy of long bone)

41
Q

Cancellous (Spongy) Bone

A

Consists of interwoven beams (trabeculae) of bone
The spaces are filled with marrow.
found inside the bone

42
Q

Compact (Cortical) Bone

A

Dense bone that forms in the walls of the diaphysis.
Provides structural integrity
outside of bone (but inside of the bone skin/Periosteum

43
Q

Red Marrow

A

A gelatinous substance where blood cell formation occurs (red and white).

44
Q

Yellow Marrow

A

Fatty connective tissue that no longer produces blood cells (with age red marrow becomes yellow).

45
Q

Ossification (bone formation)

A

begins by the end of the eighth week after conception and continues throughout adulthood

46
Q

Bone remodeling

A

occurs continuously throughout the lifetime
process slows with age
the balance of bone breakdown and reconstruction ensures skeletal integrity

47
Q

Key Players in bone formation and remodeling

A
  • Osteocytes: mature bone cells
  • Osteoblasts: Bone forming/reconstructing cells (osteoblastic activity)
    Layered over the bone
    Deposit calcium into the matrix that is building up cortical bone
    Produce collagen and other proteins to synthesize the bone matrix
  • Osteoclasts: Cells that break down and reabsorb bone (osteoclastic activity)
    Imbedded in the bone matrix near the site of reabsorption
    Dissolve calcium first, then the organic matrix of the bone
48
Q

process of Bone Formation

A
  1. Bones begin as cartilaginous models (8 wks after conception)
  2. The periosteum forms around the models
  3. Osteoblasts synthesize the compact bone of the diaphysis
  4. Cartilage in diaphysis is transformed into cancelous bone as growth continues outward from the center
  5. Osteoclasts breakdown cancelous bone to form the medullary cavity
49
Q

What is bone formation?

A

The process by which our body continually destroys and rebuilds bone tissue throughout our lives.

50
Q

Wolf’s Law

A

Bones will grow or remodel in response to the forces or demands placed on them

51
Q

3 types of joints (articulations)

A

(classification is based on the presence or absence of a space called a joint cavity)
Fibrous – no joint cavity; bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue
Cartilaginous – no joint cavity; bones are held together by cartilage
Synovial – joint cavity; bones are united by a surrounding articular capsule;
accessory ligaments are present

52
Q

Parts/structure of Synovial Joints

A

Articular cartilage- located on the ends of the bones
Joint capsule- synovial membrane and fibrous capsule
Joint cavity- filled with synovial fluid (a lubricant for the joint)
Bursae- small fluid sacs found at friction points
Intrinsic ligaments- thick bands of connective tissue to reinforce the joint capsule
Extrinsic ligaments- help to reinforce the joint

53
Q

Types of Synovial joints

A

Ball and Socket, Ellipsoidal (Condyloid) Joint, Gliding (Plane) Joint, Hinge Joint, Pivot Joint, Saddle Joint

54
Q

Ball and Socket Joint e.g.

A

Hip socket

55
Q

Ellipsoidal (Condyloid) Joint e.g.

A

wrist

56
Q

Gliding (Plane) Joint e.g.

A

ankle

57
Q

Hinge Joint e.g.

A

elbow joint

58
Q

Pivot Joint e.g.

A

neck

59
Q

Saddle Joint e.g.

A

Thumb

60
Q

Parts of the Thorax

A

ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilages

61
Q

Function of the Thorax

A

Support: support of the arms and pectoral girdles (shoulder girdles)
Protection: protection of the visceral organs in the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities
Ventilation: ventilation of the lungs (inspiration (air going in) and expiration (air going out) of air)

62
Q

Parts of the ribs

A
  • Costal Cartilage (The first ten ribs are attached to the sternum by a strip of hyaline cartilage called the costal cartilage. The cartilage of the first 7 pairs of ribs attach directly to the sternum; The cartilage of the 8th through the 10th pairs attach indirectly to the sternum.)
  • Intercostal Spaces (the spaces between the ribs)
  • True ribs (1-7), False ribs (8-10), floating ribs (11&12)
63
Q

3 parts of the sternum

A

Manubrium: the upper portion
Body: the middle, largest portion of the sternum
Xyphoid Process: the lowest portion of the sternum

64
Q

Parts of the spine

A

Cervical: 7 vertebrae, support and move the head and neck
Thoracic: 12 vertebrae, support head, neck and thorax
Lumbar: 5 vertebrae, support upper body, torso and low back
Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx: 2-4 tiny individual or partly fused, rudimentary vertebrae

65
Q

3 types of Connective Tissues

A

Fascia, Ligaments, Tendons

66
Q

Vascularity

A

Amount of blood supplied to a tissue.
Vascular = with blood e.g. Bone and Muscle
Avascular = without blood e.g. Ligaments and cartilage
Generally, increased vascularity means faster recovery from injury.
AKA better blood supply means faster recovery

67
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, Fibrous, Elastic

68
Q

Tendonitis

A

Inflammation of a tendon caused by irritation due to prolonged or abnormal use

69
Q

Sprains & Tears

A

Injury to ligaments and tendons

70
Q

Pulls & Strains

A

Injury to muscle

71
Q

Dislocation

A

Bone is displaced from its normal location. May also include damage to joint capsule, ligaments, muscle & tendon. E.g. finger, shoulder, etc.

72
Q

Separation (injury)

A

Ligaments holding a joint together tear and separate from one another

73
Q

Acute Injuries

A

High Force, awkward posture, low repetition.

74
Q

Chronic injuries

A

Lower forces, awkward posture, high repetition
AKA repetitive strain (RSI)

75
Q

Injury Severity

A

First degree: Least severe
A few days to heal
Second degree: Moderate
Longer to heal and require special treatment
Third degree: Most severe
Longest to heal (6 -12 mo) may require surgery

76
Q

Shin Splints

A

painful condition occurring on the medial or lateral side of the tibia

77
Q

Stress Fracture

A

tiny cracks caused by a rapid increase in activity or when an athlete switches training surfaces or wears footwear with improper cushioning

78
Q

Osteoporosis

A

a degenerative bone disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration

79
Q

Fracture

A

a full bone break due to extreme loads, impact or stresses

80
Q

Simple/Incomplete Fractures

A

No separation of the bone into parts
A crack or break is usually detectable

81
Q

Compound/Complete Fractures

A

The bone has been completely fractured through its own width
Usually also results in damage to the surrounding soft tissue
They are either OPEN (Bone breaks through the skin) or CLOSED (Bone does not break through the skin)

82
Q

Compound Fractures (4 types)

A

Comminuted Fracture, Spiral Fracture, Avulsion Fracture, Impacted Fracture

83
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

The bone is broken into more than two fragments (highly unstable).

84
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

The bone has been broken due to a twisting type motion and looks like a corkscrew.

85
Q

Avulsion Fracture

A

A fragment of bone is detached from its point of insertion by a tendon or ligament.

86
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

One bone fragment is driven into the medullary space or spongy bone of itself or another bone. The ends of the broken bones are wedged together.

87
Q

(Managing an injury)
The Signs and Symptoms of Soft Tissue Injuries (SHARP)

A

Swelling
Heat
Altered-function
Red
Painful

88
Q

(managing an injury)
Treatment of Soft Tissue Injuries (PIER Principle)

A

Pressure
Ice
Elevation
Restriction

89
Q

Def of Anatomy

A

the structure and organization of the body and its organs.

90
Q

Def of Physiology

A

the function of the body and its organs

91
Q

Def of Biomechanics

A

the study of human movements through the use of physics

92
Q

Fascia (connective tissue)

A

The fibrous connective tissue that supports, covers and separates all the muscle groups. It also unites the underlying tissue with the skin.

93
Q

Ligaments (connective tissue)

A

A band of fibrous, collagenous tissue connecting bone or cartilage to each other (bone-to-bone)

94
Q

Tendons (connective tissue)

A

Tough fibrous and inelastic bands that anchor muscles to bone.
Allows action of muscle to be transferred across joints. (achilles (ark-ill-E’s) tendon)

95
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Tough, flexible cartilage found at ends of long bones (femur, humerus etc.), nose, trachea and bronchi

96
Q

Fibrous Cartilage

A

Tough, shock-absorbing cartilage e.g. intervertebral discs, meniscus, lines edges of glenoid cavity & acetabulum

97
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Most flexible cartilage that provides structure and support for tissues. Bends and recovers shape e.g. larynx, ear.

98
Q

2 Managing an Injury Acronyms

A

SHARP: Swelling, Heat, Altered-function, Red, Painful
PIER: Pressure, Ice, Elevation, Restriction

Kin Skeletal Test Need-2-Know (4 decks)

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