kin exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
the heart beats how many times a day?
A
100,000 times or more depending if person is stressed or exercising
2
Q
the more vessels you have
A
the more strain your heart has because it has to work harder to pump throughout your body
3
Q
the larger or bigger you are
A
the larger your heart is
4
Q
What’s the mass average of the adult female and male heart?
A
female: 250g
male: 300g
5
Q
mediastinum
A
- an anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, the first rib to the diaphragm, and between the covering (pleurae) of the lungs
*the heart sits in the mediastinum
6
Q
about 2/3 0f the mass of heart lies to the
A
left of the body’s midline
-more on the left side
7
Q
pericardium
A
*membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
*sac
8
Q
What are the functions of the pericardium
A
- anchors the heart in mediastinum because heart is constantly contracting and needs to stay in position
- protects the heart
-prevents overfilling
9
Q
the pericardium is composed of what 3 things?
A
- fibrous pericardium: tough, dense irregular CT, prevents overstretching of the heart, protects the heart
*serous pericardium: thin and has serous membrane. Serous membranes are double layered; visceral (more inner) and parietal (more outer)
*pericardial fluid: serous pericardium has pericardial fluid (also named serous fluid), lubricates
10
Q
what are the layers of the heart wall?
A
- epicardium (visceral pericardium)
*myocardium: has cardiac muscle fibers and is therefore involuntary, makes up 95% of heart wall
*endocardium: thin layer of endothelium and connective tissue, creates one smooth surface throughout cardiovascular system, decreases friction when blood is passing
11
Q
describe the chambers of the heart
A
- two superior: atria
*two inferior: ventricles
12
Q
how many auricles are there and what are their functions?
A
- there’s 2: Left and Right
-they increase the capacity of the atrium so it can hold a greater volume of blood
-think of “dog ears”
-only on the anterior surface of each atrium
13
Q
The heart has how many sulci and what is a sulci
A
- has 3 and they are grooves that divide
- they contain coronary blood vessels and adipose tissue: the adipose tissue cushions heart since it constantly contracts
- all 3 sulci are deep to the fat
14
Q
What are the 3 major sulci (grooves)
A
*coronary sulcus: encircles most of the heart and makes boundary between Sup. Atria/ Inf. Ventricles
*anterior interventricular sulcus: in between ventricles and divides RV/LV
*posterior interventricular sulcus: on posterior side and divides RV/LV
15
Q
on the anterior external view, you see more of what side of the heart?
A
more of the right side
16
Q
on the posterior external view, you see more of what side of the heart?
A
more of the left side
17
Q
veins
A
ALWAYS carry blood TOWARD the HEART
18
Q
The right atrium receives blood what veins?
A
- Superior vena cava: big vessel
- Inferior Vena cava
- coronary sinus
19
Q
fossa ovalis
A
*remnant of foramen ovale, an opening used for a fetal heart that directed blood from RA to LA because the lungs do not work
* closes after 3 days.
20
Q
tricuspid valve (right AV) valve
A
consists of 3 cusps (fold)
21
Q
valves of the heart are composed of?
A
dense CT covered by endocardium
22
Q
Tricuspid valve
A
is present in the RA and RV and it’s how blood gets from one to the other
23
Q
papillary muscles
A
contract and pull on chordae tendons to keep valves closed
24
Q
chordae tendoneae
A
- tendon like chords
*where cusps of the right antrioventicular (tricuspid) valve connect
25
trabeculae carneae
*a series of ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers
*below papillary muscles
*some of the trabeculae carneae contain part of the conduction system of the heart.
26
interventricular septum
*divides internally and divides ventricles
*this functions so that no blood passes from RV to LV and keeps oxygenated blood separate from deoxygenated blood.
27
pulmonary valve
-blood passes from RV to this and then the pulmonary trunk
28
pulmonary trunk
divides into right and left pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to the lungs
29
Arteries
ALWAYS carry blood AWAY from HEART
30
left atrium
forms most of the base of the heart
-receives blood from lungs through 4 pulmonary veins
31
describe the 4 pulmonary veins of the left atrium
* Left pulmonary veins: 2 of them and they're from Left lung
*right pulmonary veins: 2 of them and they're from right lung
*very visible on the posterior view
32
left ventricle
*thickest part of heart and forms the apex
*like the RV, the LV contains trabeculae carnae and chordae tendinae that anchors the cusps of the left antrioventicular (bicuspid) valve to papillary muscles
*if blood is in L atrium, then you have to go to LV next
33
bicuspid also called
mitral valve and left AV valve
34
aortic valve
-blood passes from LV through this and into the ascending aorta
35
the ascending aorta is
the largest artery of the body
36
from the aortic valve, blood moves to
the aorta and then to body
37
ligamentum arteriosum
*remnant of ductus arteriosum, is now cllosed up and used to be open in womb.
*connects aortic arch and pulmonary trunk
38
the aorta delivers what type of blood and to where?
oxygenated blood to the rest of body
39
brachiocephalic trunk
goes to arms and neck
40
What is the key to my heart?
1. right atrium (deoxygenated blood) goes to tricuspid valve
2. right ventricle then goes to pulmonary valve
3. pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
4. In pulmonary capillaries, blood loses CO2 and gains O2
5. pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)
6. left atrium then goes to bicuspid valve
7. left ventricle then goes to aortic valve
8. aorta and systemic arteries
9. In systemic capillaries, blood loses O2 and gains CO2
10. blood goes to coronary sinus, inferior vena cava, and superior vena cava and then they all 3 supply blood to the right atrium. Then the cycle happens again
41
do the atria have a thick or thin wall?
thin because they deliver blood under less pressure than ventricles
42
are the ventricles thick or thin walled?
thick because they pump blood under a high pressure over great distances
43
does the RV work more or LV?
The LV because it has to pump blood over great distances to all other body parts while the RV only has to go to the lungs
*The LV works harder than the RV to maintain the same rate of blood flow
44
how many heart valves are there and name them
*4
*the aortic valve
*the pulmonary valve
*the tricuspid valve
*the bicuspid valve
45
How do heart valves work?
*as each chamber of the heart contracts, it pushes a volume of blood into a ventricle or out of the heart into an artery
*valves open and close in response to pressure changes as the heart contracts and relaxes.
46
name the semilunar (SL) valves and describe what they do
*the pulmonary valve
*the aortic valve
*they allow ejection of blood from the ventricles
*they prevent backflow of blood back into the ventricle.
*they're closed most of the time
47
name the atrioventricular (AV) valves and describe what they do
*tricuspid valve (R AV)
*bicuspid valve (L AV)
*when papillary muscles are relaxed, they allow for opening. Cusps are down towards ventricles
*when ventricles contract, it forces cusps upward and closes. The papillary muscles contract and the chordae tendineae pull on papillary muscles to tighten to prevent backflow.
-if papillary muscles and chordae tendineae are damaged, you can hear heart murmurs.
48
what is the relationship between the semilunar and atrioventricular valves?
if semilunar valves are open, the atrioventricular valves are closed
If the semilunar valves are closed, the atrioventricular valves are open
49
The coronary arteries bring blood where first?
the heart
*there's a L and R
50
fibrous skeleton of the heart is made out of
fibrous dense connective tissue rings that around each valve
51
what do the fibrous rings do?
* create fibrous skeleton of heart, does not mean bone
*prevents overstretching of the valves as blood passes though them
1. structural foundation of heart valves
2. attachment point for cardiac muscle
3. helps to prevent unwanted electrical signals from passing between atria and ventricles.
51
the circulation of blood makes a loop around?
the heart
51
coronary circulation has
two coronary arteries and coronary veins
52
Name the two coronary arteries and name their branches
* Left coronary artery:
-anterior interventricular branch (LAD): supplies O2 blood to walls of both ventricles
-circumflex branch: supplies O2 blood to walls of LV and LA
* Right coronary artery:
-inferior posterior interventricular branch: supplied O2 blood to walls of 2 ventricles
-marginal branches: supplies O2 blood to wall of RV.
52
where does blood go after it passes through the coronary arteries?
it flows into capillaries where it delivers O2 and nutrients to the heart muscle and collects CO2 and wastes.
53
what do coronary arteries do?
supply O2 rich blood to myocardium
54
what do coronary veins do?
return waste, carbon dioxide, and deoxygenated blood to RA
55
Where does the coronary sinus return blood to and what are the veins that dump into the coronary sinus?
The RA and it's a vein
*Great cardiac vein
*middle cardiac vein
*small cardiac vein
*anterior cardiac veins
56
cardiac conduction system
*the route that delivers action potentials throughout the heart muscle
*autorthymic cells act as natural pacemakers, setting the rhythm for the contraction of the entire heart and they form the cardiac conduction system.
57
list the sequence of the cardiac conduction system
1. sinoatrial (SA node)
2. Atrioventricular (AV node)
3. Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)
4. Right and Left bundle branches
5. Purkinje fibers
58
a cardiac cycle is how many heart beats and what does each cycle consist of?
1 heartbeat
*every cycle consists of the contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles
59
What are the lub dum sounds and what are each individual sound?
the valves opening and closing
*the first sound lub: are the AV valves closing
*the second sound dum are the semilunar valves closing
60
during each cycle, the sequence of activity in each chamber is:
1. excitation
2.contraction
3. increase in blood pressure
4. heart valves open and close
5. blood flow and volume is regulated
61
a single cardiac cycle consist of?
* systole: contracting
*diastole: relaxed
62
List the 3 steps of the cardiac cycle and describe each
1. relaxation: all 4 chambers are in diastole, 75% of ventricular is filled, the AV valves open
2. atrial phases: squeezes remaining blood into ventricles
3. ventricular phases: SL valves open and ventricles are going to contract which is going to squeeze blood into vessels (ventricular ejection)
63
name the 5 phases of cardiac cycle
1. atrial contraction (atrial systole)
2. isovolumetric contraction (ventricular contraction)
3. ventricular ejection
4. isovolumentric (ventricular relaxation)
5. passive ventricular filling
64
pulmonary circuit includes?
lungs
65
blood gas exchange occurs in?
Lungs
66
what is the principal function or job associated with the respiratory system? and what happens if we do not do this?
gas exchange
*we will die
67
list other functions of the respiratory system besides gas exchange
*regulates blood PH
*contains smell receptors
*filters inhaled air
*produces sounds
*rids body of small amounts of water and heat in exhaled air
68
the upper respiratory anatomy includes what 3 things?
1. nose and nasal cavity
2. mouth
3. Pharynx (throat)
69
what is the function of the nose and nasal cavity?
* trap particles you breathe in and should not breathe in
*warms the air you breathe in
*helps humidify the air (gives moisture)
-if inflamed, it blocks smell
70
what is the function of the mouth?
food and liquids
71
what is the function of the pharynx (throat)?
food, air, liquids
*it's like a funnel and contains mucous membranes to help things slide.
72
what is apart of the lower respiratory anatomy?
*larynx (voice box): only wants air, no food or liquids
-the epiglottis attaches to larynx superiorly and causes epiglottis to close so food and liquid passes through esophagus
*trachea (windpipe): air passes through
*main bronchi: lobular, segmental, bronchioles
*lungs
73
is the apex of the lungs superior or inferior?
superior, it's the opposite of the heart
74
what are the 3 lobes of the lungs? and what are the 2 fissures?
1. superior lobe
2. middle lobe
3. inferior lobe
1. horizontal fissure
2.oblique fissure
75
blood cells include?
* red (erythrocytes)
*white (leukocytes)
*platelets
76
what does anastomosis allow us to do?
create new blood vessels to go around blockage or damage
77
what's the bad part of angiogenesis?
if you have cancer tumors, you do not wan't more growth and angiogenesis grows these blood vessels which spreads the cancer
78
what are the 5 types of blood vessels?
1. arteries
2. arterioles
3.capillaires
4. venules
5.veins
79
what are arterioles?
smaller arteries
80
capillaries are created and what do they do?
as the arterioles enter a tissue and branch off into tiny vessels (capillaries)
*they have thin walls of capillaries which allow exchange of substances between blood and blood tissues
81
venules
groups of capillaries reunite to form small veins
82
veins
larger venules
83
inside the tube is
blood
84
do arteries or veins have thicker walls?
arteries
85
name the 3 wall layers of the arteries and veins
*tunica interna
*tunica media
*tunica externa
86
are arteries efferent or afferent?
efferent
87
are veins efferent or afferent?
afferent
88
the aorta is what type of artery?
elastic which have large diameters and are closest to the heart
89
muscular arteries are good at?
viso constriction and dialation
90
what do arterioles do?
they are farthest from the hear and regulate blood pressure.
91
what are postcapillary venules?
small veins that are far from the heart but close to capillary beds
92
what are muscular venules?
merge into huge veins called vena cava
93
describe capillaries structure and function
thye have one layer, tunica externa, thin wall made up of endothelium and basement membrane.
*they exhange nutrients and waste.
*cells are giving all carbage to capillaries
*they're colored purple because of gas exchange.
94
what are the 3 types of capillaries and what do they do?
*continous capillaries- 0 holes, allows gas to pass through
*fenestrated capillaries- holes, more gas exhange to happen
*sinusoids capillaries: holes all over, allows tons of exchange, there's lots of room for leakage
95
the right and left coronary arteries supply?
blood to myocardium (muscles of heart)
96
the brachiocephalic trunk always goes what direction? and takes blood where
the right
*takes blood to arm and head
97
what vessels bring blood flow into brain?
1. R/L vertebral artery and merges into one which is basilar artery
2. Basilar artery
3.R/L internal carotid
4.cerbral arterial circle (circle of willis): clots get stuck in here a lot which cause stroke because of small diameter
98
what vessels bring blood flow to upper limb?
1. subclavian artery:between clavicle and first rib
2. axillary artery: latissimus dorsi insertion
3. brachial artery: cubital fossa (ant. of elbow)
4. radial and ulnar artery: get to phalanges and thumb
99
the thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta gives off what type of branches?
visceral and parietal branches
100
what is the blood flow into lower limb?
1. L/R common iliac artery
2. internal iliac artery
3.external iliac artery
4. femoral artery: if injured, no blood will get below
101
most blood volume (64%) remains at rest in?
veins and venules
*they're more numerous than arteries
102
superficial venous return from and include what veins?
upper limb and they're usually between skin and fascia
*cephalic, basilic, and median cubital
103
deep venous return from and include what veins?
*ulnar
*radial
*brachial
104
merger of superficial and deep return are?
*axillary and subclavian
105
venous return from brain, head, and neck includes?
1. internal jugular vein: merges into subclavian but does not dumb into subclavian and major blood supply to brain
2. external jugular vein
3. vertebral vein
4. brachiocephalic vein: merger of internal jugular and subclavian is the name of the vein that corresponds with internal carotid artery
5.superior vena cava: right and left brachopcephalic merge to form superior vena cava
106
all azygos veins dump into?
superior vena cava, they are the very last thing to dumb into superior vena cava
107
venous return from lower limbs and pelvic cavity drain into?
right and left common iliac veins and merge into inferior vena cava
108
when the LV contracts, it ejects blood into?
the aorta
109
list the aortas
1. ascending aorta: splits into right and left coronary arteries
2. arch of aorta: contains brachiocephalic trunk which splits into right and left subclavian and right and left common carotid
3. thoracic aorta
4.abdominal aorta
