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kin exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between Paralympic and special Olympics

A

Main difference in the philosophy.
Special olympics- power of sport to help those who participate full fill their potential.
Paralympics- Competitive.
Must fulfill a certain standard
. Elite performance.

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2
Q

what are components of growth/development (4)

A

physical- growth bones, muscles, energy systems

cognitive- interpret and process info, establishment of persons self concept and self awarness

social- development of relationships with others

emotional- manage and regulate emotions

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3
Q

concept of age
chronological age
skeletal age
developmental age

A

chronological age- measured in years/months

skeletal age- indicated by physical maturity of a skeleton

developmental age- interaction between physical, cognitive, social, emotional

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4
Q

R.A.E

A

relative age effect

age different for development
jan vs dec babies competition

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5
Q

Canada physical activity guidelines

A
  • recommends adults/ senoirs 150 min activty per week
    -strength x2 per week
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6
Q

peak height velocity

A

measure of max rate of growth in stature (height) occurs in growth spurt

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7
Q

critical periods of human growth/development

A

-hormonal changes- bones more susceptible to growing/denser

-stronger our bones are at a young age- more protection to decay later in life

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8
Q

what are the two main sequences that effect development?

A

cephalocaudal sequence
- growth progress first in head, followed by trunk

Proximodistal sequence
- body movements that originate close to the center of body develop earlier

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9
Q

why are infants unstable

A

center of mass is higher when infants- relativity unstable

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10
Q

factors effecting physical growth and development- hormonal activity-

A

endocrine gland
-produce and release hormones
- regulate metabolism
- growth and development
-tissue function. sexual function, reproduction and sleep

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11
Q

pituitary gland> HGH- high growth hormone

A

responsible for stimulations of bone/muscular development

decrease after 30- less lean muscle mass

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12
Q

thyroid gland- thyroxine

A

metabolic functions, normal growth and development

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13
Q

gonadal gland

A

secrets testosterone and estorgen

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14
Q

heredity

A

transmission of genetic characteristics
from parents to offspring

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15
Q

stages in motor learning
(3)

A

personal development- physical/psychological factors

cognitive stage
- basic understanding how to perform a task

associative stage
-begin to refine skills, aware of mistakes that making

autonomous stage
-don’t have to think about it

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16
Q

fundamental movement skills

A

stability (balance)
locomotion (traveling)
manipulation (object control)

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17
Q

skill transferability

A

transfer skills to improve performance in another activity

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18
Q

long term athlete development (LTAD)

A

relationship between fundamental movement skills and physical literacy

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19
Q

title IV

A

-section of the U.S educational legislation
-equal opportunity legislation passed in 1972
-prohibited gender discrimination in any schools
- allowed girls to have same physical education and sport opportunities( paved the way for more scholarships)

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20
Q

gender defining rules
NCAA VS IOC guidelines

A

IOC- whatever gender you identify as
NCAA- must transition before 12
NCAA- monitor hormonal levels
-fall under federation guidelines for sport, if no federation follow IOC

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21
Q

difference between professional, semi professional and amateur?

A

Professional- paid to compete in sport
Amateur- personal enjoyment, not paid, rely on government funding
Semi-professional- blend of professional and amateur

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22
Q

Canadian sport for life (CS4L)

A

promotes physical activity based on developmental age rather than chronological age

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23
Q

own the podium

A
  • not for profit
    -additional finances and programing to help high skilled athletes succeed
    -largest funding for Canadian armature athletes
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24
Q

purpose of helmets

A

DONT prevent concussions
prevent skull fractures

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25
Q

spinal cord injury- quadriplegia

A

prevents movements of both arms and legs

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26
Q

spinal cord injurie- paraplegia

A

prevents use of legs but arms are not effected

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27
Q

average recovery time concussion

A

1-2 weeks adult
3-5 weeks children

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28
Q

CTE

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy
degenerative brain disease found in athletes, veterans, history of repetitive brain trauma

-diagnosed after death
-protein clumps called tau form clumps that slowly spread throughout the brain slowly killing brain cells
-effect patients mood, behavior, problems thinking and progressive dementia
-cause by repetitive hits

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29
Q

brain imaging- plasticity

A

when nerve pathways get effected. brain adapts to damage by using other pathways (plasticity)
take take to adapt
when older- brain already maxed out on development- vulnerable cannot adapt anymore

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30
Q

media coverage and female athletes

A

40% of all athletes are woman
43% of college scholarships are given to woman
they only receive 2-4% media coverage (usually out of uniform based on looks/sexual poses)

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31
Q

why do females have more concussions

A

-females have a higher risk and report more than male
-female axon more likely to be damaged (fewer microtubules)
-females have decrease neck strength. smaller neck size, hormonal differences
-female take longer to recover *reported

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32
Q

sponsorship vs endorsement

A

promotion in association product/event service

vs

celeberty lending their name to a product

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33
Q

how many bones are in the human body

A

206 bones
300 at birth- several bones fuse together as growth takes place

14% body weight

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34
Q

what happens during osteoporosis?
ways to prevent

A
  • bones become increasingly more weak/brittle and breakable
    -low bone mass/deterioration, more susceptible to bone fractures
    -degenerative disease

-no cure- prevent by:
-balanced diet
-weight bearing exercise
-avoidance of smoking

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35
Q

what does collagen (protein) help

A
  • gives bone flexibility, helps resist pulling forces
    -with age collagen is slowly lost and bone becomes more brittle
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36
Q

what is calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate responsible for?

A

60-70% of bone weight
provides bones with stiffness and resistance

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37
Q

what are the five basic types of bones

A

long bone (femur/thigh)
-flat bone (roof/skull)
-irregular bone (vertebra)
-sesamoid bone (patella)
-short bone (wrist bone)

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38
Q

what is the diaphysis?

A

where the bone is the thickest

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39
Q

what are the three types of fractures?

A

1.simple
no separation of bone, instead break or crack

2.compound
bone breaks into separate pieces
result of major blow

3.comminuted
both ends of bone shatter into many pieces

40
Q

what is RED-S syndrome

A

relative energy deficiency in sports
-(female athlete traid)

not enough calories consumed for energy expender

-effects hormonal pathways
-loss of menstrual cycle
-decreased bone density
-effect immunity, protein synthesis, mental energy,
-concentration levels

amenorrhea-loss of period can decrease your estrogen, weaken bones and lead to stress fractures

41
Q

what are shin splints?

A
  • stress fracture
    -occurring on the medial/posterior or lateral/anterior side of the tibia caused by repetitive overuse
42
Q

what are stress fractures?

A

tiny crack in bone, caused by rapid increase in activity

43
Q

what are epiphyseal plates?

A
  • growth plate
    -thin layer of cartilage that lies between the epiphyses and metaphyses
  • where the growth of long bones takes place.
44
Q

what is bursitis?

A

INFLAMATION of FLUID SAC
at the friction points between, tendons, ligaments and bones

45
Q

why are females more susceptible to joint related injuries?

A

-more flexible, and more flexible joints and ligaments
-ACL rupture 10x more likely in females compared to males
-testosterone acts to strengthen the ligaments

46
Q

what is osteoarthritis?

A

the loss of cartilage at JOINTS

itis- irritation of joints

47
Q

what is the difference between a strain and sprain?

A

strain- occur in muscles and tendons

sprain- when ligament is overstretched

48
Q

what is the difference between a dislocation and separation?

A

islocation- bone Displaced from its joint
-could cause ligament and joint damage

separation- damage to ligaments, connecting tissue

49
Q

what is the patella’s function

A

patella bone in front to protect of knee cavity (ligaments) and joint capsule in flexion

50
Q

tendons vs ligaments

A

tendons- muscle to bone

ligaments- bone to bone

51
Q

describe joint hypermobility?

what are the risks?

A

-born unusually flexible

COLLAGEN in ligaments is LOOSER- increasing mobility
ex. thumb to wrist

bones are shaped differently with SHALLOWER SOCKETS
ex. completely out of socket without pain

-increase risk of sprains and osteoarthritis
-increased risk of mental health issues
due to LOWER COLLAGEN levels in ligaments affecting proper blood circulation

52
Q

synovial joints

A

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
- flexible and connective tissue
-protects ends of the bone, smooth contact surface

BURSAE
-small fluid sac

JOINT CAPSULE
(consist of fibrous capsule, and synovial membrane)
-fibrous capsule- keeps synovial fluid from leaking
-synovial membrane- allows certain nutrients to pass

JOINT CAVITY
- filled with synovial fluid- aka. lubricant for joint

53
Q

what is the articular system

A

joints of the human body and the surrounding tissue
(three types of joints )
-fibrous joint- limited movement
-cartilaginous joints -slight movement
-synovial joint- most movement

54
Q

origin vs inversion

A

origin- muscle attach to stable/stationary bone
(stable )

inversion- point where muscle attach to bone that is moved most

55
Q

skeletal muscles. how are they arranged?

A

-opposing pairs

AGONIST MUSCLE
-primary responsible muscle

ANTAGONSIT MUSCLE
-muscle that counteracts the agonist

ex. leg extention
agonist- quad
antagonist- ham

56
Q

three types of muscle tissue

A

muscle tissue- cells that shorten during contraction

smooth muscle- surrounding body’s internal organs including blood vessels, hair follicles, urinary, and digestive track
- involuntary

cardiac muscle-
-only found in heart
-involuntary

skeletal muscle-
- type of muscles attached to bones (by tendons/ other tissues)
-voluntary
striated- alternating light/dark strip

57
Q

types of muscle contraction

A
  1. ISOTONIC (shortening and lengthing of muscle fiber)
    - concentric contraction
    (shortening)
    -eccentric contraction
    (lengthening)

2.ISOMETRIC
(static) muscle fibers do not change in length

  1. ISOKINETIC
    -shortening and lengthening
    (riding a bike)
58
Q

muscles not exposed continuously exposed to resistance- SHRINK

increasing size, build new muscle (exposed to higher workloads than they are used to)

A

muscular atrophy

muscular hypertrophy

59
Q

explain sliding filament theory?
how does a muscle contract?

A
  • muscles convert chemical energy into mechanical energy
  • calcium is the trigger mechanism
  • calcium distracts troponin and tropomyosin (removes obstacles) allowing myosin to bind to actin
  • muscle contacts through overlapping if actin and myosin
  • causes sarcomere to contact (shorten
60
Q

overuse injury

A

inflammation of a tendon
overused injury

itis-inflammation/irritation

61
Q

what is fascia?

A

connective tissue

wraps around every organ, muscle, nerve, bone, etc.
allowing movement- glide fluidly over one another

62
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

AUTONOMIC
(involuntary)regulate body functions
-puplis dilate/constrict- digestion, blood pressure etc.

  • sympathetic
    (prepares for emergencies)

-parasympathetic
(return body to normal)

SOMATIC (voluntary)
- awareness of environment
(afferent- send into to CNS
efferent- send info skeletal muscles

63
Q

what are neurons?

A

neurons- specialized cells that transmit nerve impulses

sensory neurons- detect info from outside world

motor neurons- send signals away from central nervous system, cause a response

interneurons- form interconnections between other neurons in CNS

64
Q

limb “falling sleep”

A
  • compression on sensory nerves
  • cannot send/fire symbols- do not transmit any info, feels numb

-once numbness is gone- sensation returns and experience pins and needles
this is your nerves firing off and paniking

65
Q

goli tendon organs

A

-detect change in muscle tension
-help PROTECT THE MUSCLE FROM EXCESSIVE TENSION
-important of developing strength and power

66
Q

what are muscle spasms?

A
  • involuntary muscle contraction does not relax
    -muscle seizes, elicited by motor neuron hyperexcitability

hyperexcitability
-spontaneous muscular activity resulting from repetitive motor unit action potentials

–defense mechanism
- brain is signaling muscle to protect area in body

muscle cramp- painful prolonged muscle spasm

67
Q

agonist and antagonist

A

contracting is called the agonist
relaxing or lengthening is called the antagonist

68
Q

concussion truths vs myths

A
  • don’t need a major blow to the head, many smaller impacts

-symptoms may not be immediate

-70-80% resolve on their own

1-2weeks adult, 3-5week children to recover

can exercise after 24-48 hours of light exercise after concussion if symptoms don’t worsen

69
Q

types of cheating in sport

A

-influencing decision based on match officials
-using illegal or banded substances
-match fixing (predetermined end result of game)

70
Q

Russia doping

A

2016 IOC ban Russia from olympics
McLaren report
- swapping urine samples
- state and government funded
- 4 year band WADA
(world anti-doping agency)

71
Q

examples of mechanical doping

A

full body swimsuits
vaporfly

72
Q

types of joints

A

saddle joints (sternoclavicular joint)
hinge joint (phalanges)

pivot joint (elbow)
ellipsoid joint (wrist)

ball and socket joint (most susceptible injury)
gliding joint (verabrae)

73
Q

bones

A

300 at birth
now 206 (fuse together)

composed mostly of calcium
living tissue (bone cells, fat cells, blood vessels)

non living material such as water and minerals

74
Q

periosteum

A

outer connective tissue, covers entire length of bone

75
Q

angonist vs antagonist muscle

A

agonist- primary muscle responsible
antagonist muscle- muscle that conteracts

76
Q

tendonitis

A

inflammation of a tendon
overuse injury

tennis elbow
-lateral epicondylitis

golfers elbow
-medial epicondylitis

77
Q

fascia
and myofascia

A

fascia- connective tissue
wrap around every organ, muscle, nerve, artery etc.

myo- muscle

78
Q

Cardiac output (Q)

A

Total volume of blood that is pumped out of the heart

L/min
Q= SV x HR

79
Q

Stroke volume (Sv)

A

Amount of blood that is ejected from the left ventricle in a single beat

80
Q

Heart rate

A

The number of times the heart contracts in a minute

Average resting heart rate 60-100bpm
Max heart rate 220-age

81
Q

How does aerobic exercise lead to improvements of cardiovascular system

A

Increase in mass and dimensions of heart

Increase in ventricular volume and walks

82
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Coronary artery disease
Gradual narrowing of coronary arteries.

Cashed by hard deposits of cholesterol on lining of blood vessel

Risk.
Poor dirt (ie high saturated. And trans fats)
Smoking
Elevated blood lipids
Physical inactivity

Plant based diet help reverse effects

83
Q

Bradycardia. Trachicardia .

A

Bradycardia. Heart rate decrease. 60bpm or less at rest

Trachicaria.
- heart rate more than 100 bpm at rest

84
Q

Diastolic vs systolic blood pressure

A

Diastolic. Minimum pressure observed- relaxation phase

Systolic.
Maximum pressure observed in arteries. Contraction phase

85
Q

VO2 max

A

Maximal rate of oxygen consumption.

Max amount of O2 that can be taken in used for metabolic production of ATP during exercise

86
Q

Ventalatory and lactate threshold

A

Ventalatory
- increase in ventilation because increase in lactic acid in blood
- much more CO2 consumed. Breathing harder to get rid of O2
Point where ventilation needed to get ride or CO2 doesn’t match co2 consumption
- drop in ph

Lactate threshold.
- lactate acid buildup I bloodstream. Faster than you can burn it off.
- cause fatigue. Effect muscle contraction.
- not enough O2

87
Q

Stages in human development.

A

Infancy and toddler stage. 0-3
Most significant growth in human.
- Head and chest grow rapidly allowing. -
- Brain heart and lungs to develop quickly

Childhood stage (4-10y)
- establish important motor skills

Puberty 11-18
Physiological changes
Sex organs
Psychological adjustment
Social relationship

Adulthood stage 18+
Weaken of joints
Increase blood pressure
Gain weight

88
Q

Jean Piaget. Cognitive development t

A

Sensor motor stage. 0-2 y
- object permanence. Object doesn’t exists outside of eye sight

Pre operational stage (2-7)
- reversibility. Not able to reverse process
- egocentric thinking. Incapable understanding another person point of view

Concrete operational stage 7-11y

Logical thinking.
Learn reversibility.
Develop empathy. Limit egocentric thoughts

Formal operational stage 11-15y
Logical and understanding

89
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

detect change in muscle tension

-protect from excess tension

90
Q

-emphasizes discipline “drill surgent”

-professional approach
-top effort expected, high goals

-encouraging, positive reinforcement

-strong intense focus, emphansizes winning

  • casual approach
    -do not push athletes in training
A

authoritarian
-emphasizes discipline “drill surgent”

Business like
-professional approach
-top effort expected, high goals

nice guy
-encouraging, positive reinforcement

intense
-strong intense focus, emphansizes winning

easy going
- casual approach
-do not push athletes in training

91
Q

when was the first Olympics?
when was the modern Olympics?

A

first Athens Greece in 776

modern olympics- 1896
Romans previously

92
Q

what is physical literacy

A

individuals who are physically literate move with competence and confidence in a wide variety of physical

  • Margaret whitehead
93
Q

brain plasticity

A

brains ability to change throughout an individuals life

synapses may strengthen or weaken over time, proportion of gray matter can change

brain is always learning and adapting

94
Q

when was the first ever woman’s participation in the Olympics

A

Amsterdam in 1928

95
Q

Title IV

A

prohibited gender discrimination in school
equal opportunity legislation 1972

96
Q

lub/ dub noises meaning

A

“lub” ventricle valves are closing
dub aortic valves close

final exams (3 decks)

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