kin exam Flashcards
What is the difference between Paralympic and special Olympics
Main difference in the philosophy.
Special olympics- power of sport to help those who participate full fill their potential.
Paralympics- Competitive.
Must fulfill a certain standard
. Elite performance.
what are components of growth/development (4)
physical- growth bones, muscles, energy systems
cognitive- interpret and process info, establishment of persons self concept and self awarness
social- development of relationships with others
emotional- manage and regulate emotions
concept of age
chronological age
skeletal age
developmental age
chronological age- measured in years/months
skeletal age- indicated by physical maturity of a skeleton
developmental age- interaction between physical, cognitive, social, emotional
R.A.E
relative age effect
age different for development
jan vs dec babies competition
Canada physical activity guidelines
- recommends adults/ senoirs 150 min activty per week
-strength x2 per week
peak height velocity
measure of max rate of growth in stature (height) occurs in growth spurt
critical periods of human growth/development
-hormonal changes- bones more susceptible to growing/denser
-stronger our bones are at a young age- more protection to decay later in life
what are the two main sequences that effect development?
cephalocaudal sequence
- growth progress first in head, followed by trunk
Proximodistal sequence
- body movements that originate close to the center of body develop earlier
why are infants unstable
center of mass is higher when infants- relativity unstable
factors effecting physical growth and development- hormonal activity-
endocrine gland
-produce and release hormones
- regulate metabolism
- growth and development
-tissue function. sexual function, reproduction and sleep
pituitary gland> HGH- high growth hormone
responsible for stimulations of bone/muscular development
decrease after 30- less lean muscle mass
thyroid gland- thyroxine
metabolic functions, normal growth and development
gonadal gland
secrets testosterone and estorgen
heredity
transmission of genetic characteristics
from parents to offspring
stages in motor learning
(3)
personal development- physical/psychological factors
cognitive stage
- basic understanding how to perform a task
associative stage
-begin to refine skills, aware of mistakes that making
autonomous stage
-don’t have to think about it
fundamental movement skills
stability (balance)
locomotion (traveling)
manipulation (object control)
skill transferability
transfer skills to improve performance in another activity
long term athlete development (LTAD)
relationship between fundamental movement skills and physical literacy
title IV
-section of the U.S educational legislation
-equal opportunity legislation passed in 1972
-prohibited gender discrimination in any schools
- allowed girls to have same physical education and sport opportunities( paved the way for more scholarships)
gender defining rules
NCAA VS IOC guidelines
IOC- whatever gender you identify as
NCAA- must transition before 12
NCAA- monitor hormonal levels
-fall under federation guidelines for sport, if no federation follow IOC
difference between professional, semi professional and amateur?
Professional- paid to compete in sport
Amateur- personal enjoyment, not paid, rely on government funding
Semi-professional- blend of professional and amateur
Canadian sport for life (CS4L)
promotes physical activity based on developmental age rather than chronological age
own the podium
- not for profit
-additional finances and programing to help high skilled athletes succeed
-largest funding for Canadian armature athletes
purpose of helmets
DONT prevent concussions
prevent skull fractures
spinal cord injury- quadriplegia
prevents movements of both arms and legs
spinal cord injurie- paraplegia
prevents use of legs but arms are not effected
average recovery time concussion
1-2 weeks adult
3-5 weeks children
CTE
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
degenerative brain disease found in athletes, veterans, history of repetitive brain trauma
-diagnosed after death
-protein clumps called tau form clumps that slowly spread throughout the brain slowly killing brain cells
-effect patients mood, behavior, problems thinking and progressive dementia
-cause by repetitive hits
brain imaging- plasticity
when nerve pathways get effected. brain adapts to damage by using other pathways (plasticity)
take take to adapt
when older- brain already maxed out on development- vulnerable cannot adapt anymore
media coverage and female athletes
40% of all athletes are woman
43% of college scholarships are given to woman
they only receive 2-4% media coverage (usually out of uniform based on looks/sexual poses)
why do females have more concussions
-females have a higher risk and report more than male
-female axon more likely to be damaged (fewer microtubules)
-females have decrease neck strength. smaller neck size, hormonal differences
-female take longer to recover *reported
sponsorship vs endorsement
promotion in association product/event service
vs
celeberty lending their name to a product
how many bones are in the human body
206 bones
300 at birth- several bones fuse together as growth takes place
14% body weight
what happens during osteoporosis?
ways to prevent
- bones become increasingly more weak/brittle and breakable
-low bone mass/deterioration, more susceptible to bone fractures
-degenerative disease
-no cure- prevent by:
-balanced diet
-weight bearing exercise
-avoidance of smoking
what does collagen (protein) help
- gives bone flexibility, helps resist pulling forces
-with age collagen is slowly lost and bone becomes more brittle
what is calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate responsible for?
60-70% of bone weight
provides bones with stiffness and resistance
what are the five basic types of bones
long bone (femur/thigh)
-flat bone (roof/skull)
-irregular bone (vertebra)
-sesamoid bone (patella)
-short bone (wrist bone)
what is the diaphysis?
where the bone is the thickest
what are the three types of fractures?
1.simple
no separation of bone, instead break or crack
2.compound
bone breaks into separate pieces
result of major blow
3.comminuted
both ends of bone shatter into many pieces
what is RED-S syndrome
relative energy deficiency in sports
-(female athlete traid)
not enough calories consumed for energy expender
-effects hormonal pathways
-loss of menstrual cycle
-decreased bone density
-effect immunity, protein synthesis, mental energy,
-concentration levels
amenorrhea-loss of period can decrease your estrogen, weaken bones and lead to stress fractures
what are shin splints?
- stress fracture
-occurring on the medial/posterior or lateral/anterior side of the tibia caused by repetitive overuse
what are stress fractures?
tiny crack in bone, caused by rapid increase in activity
what are epiphyseal plates?
- growth plate
-thin layer of cartilage that lies between the epiphyses and metaphyses - where the growth of long bones takes place.
what is bursitis?
INFLAMATION of FLUID SAC
at the friction points between, tendons, ligaments and bones
why are females more susceptible to joint related injuries?
-more flexible, and more flexible joints and ligaments
-ACL rupture 10x more likely in females compared to males
-testosterone acts to strengthen the ligaments
what is osteoarthritis?
the loss of cartilage at JOINTS
itis- irritation of joints
what is the difference between a strain and sprain?
strain- occur in muscles and tendons
sprain- when ligament is overstretched
what is the difference between a dislocation and separation?
islocation- bone Displaced from its joint
-could cause ligament and joint damage
separation- damage to ligaments, connecting tissue
what is the patella’s function
patella bone in front to protect of knee cavity (ligaments) and joint capsule in flexion
tendons vs ligaments
tendons- muscle to bone
ligaments- bone to bone
describe joint hypermobility?
what are the risks?
-born unusually flexible
COLLAGEN in ligaments is LOOSER- increasing mobility
ex. thumb to wrist
bones are shaped differently with SHALLOWER SOCKETS
ex. completely out of socket without pain
-increase risk of sprains and osteoarthritis
-increased risk of mental health issues
due to LOWER COLLAGEN levels in ligaments affecting proper blood circulation
synovial joints
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
- flexible and connective tissue
-protects ends of the bone, smooth contact surface
BURSAE
-small fluid sac
JOINT CAPSULE
(consist of fibrous capsule, and synovial membrane)
-fibrous capsule- keeps synovial fluid from leaking
-synovial membrane- allows certain nutrients to pass
JOINT CAVITY
- filled with synovial fluid- aka. lubricant for joint
what is the articular system
joints of the human body and the surrounding tissue
(three types of joints )
-fibrous joint- limited movement
-cartilaginous joints -slight movement
-synovial joint- most movement
origin vs inversion
origin- muscle attach to stable/stationary bone
(stable )
inversion- point where muscle attach to bone that is moved most
skeletal muscles. how are they arranged?
-opposing pairs
AGONIST MUSCLE
-primary responsible muscle
ANTAGONSIT MUSCLE
-muscle that counteracts the agonist
ex. leg extention
agonist- quad
antagonist- ham
three types of muscle tissue
muscle tissue- cells that shorten during contraction
smooth muscle- surrounding body’s internal organs including blood vessels, hair follicles, urinary, and digestive track
- involuntary
cardiac muscle-
-only found in heart
-involuntary
skeletal muscle-
- type of muscles attached to bones (by tendons/ other tissues)
-voluntary
striated- alternating light/dark strip
types of muscle contraction
- ISOTONIC (shortening and lengthing of muscle fiber)
- concentric contraction
(shortening)
-eccentric contraction
(lengthening)
2.ISOMETRIC
(static) muscle fibers do not change in length
- ISOKINETIC
-shortening and lengthening
(riding a bike)
muscles not exposed continuously exposed to resistance- SHRINK
increasing size, build new muscle (exposed to higher workloads than they are used to)
muscular atrophy
muscular hypertrophy
explain sliding filament theory?
how does a muscle contract?
- muscles convert chemical energy into mechanical energy
- calcium is the trigger mechanism
- calcium distracts troponin and tropomyosin (removes obstacles) allowing myosin to bind to actin
- muscle contacts through overlapping if actin and myosin
- causes sarcomere to contact (shorten
overuse injury
inflammation of a tendon
overused injury
itis-inflammation/irritation
what is fascia?
connective tissue
wraps around every organ, muscle, nerve, bone, etc.
allowing movement- glide fluidly over one another
peripheral nervous system
AUTONOMIC
(involuntary)regulate body functions
-puplis dilate/constrict- digestion, blood pressure etc.
- sympathetic
(prepares for emergencies)
-parasympathetic
(return body to normal)
SOMATIC (voluntary)
- awareness of environment
(afferent- send into to CNS
efferent- send info skeletal muscles
what are neurons?
neurons- specialized cells that transmit nerve impulses
sensory neurons- detect info from outside world
motor neurons- send signals away from central nervous system, cause a response
interneurons- form interconnections between other neurons in CNS
limb “falling sleep”
- compression on sensory nerves
- cannot send/fire symbols- do not transmit any info, feels numb
-once numbness is gone- sensation returns and experience pins and needles
this is your nerves firing off and paniking
goli tendon organs
-detect change in muscle tension
-help PROTECT THE MUSCLE FROM EXCESSIVE TENSION
-important of developing strength and power
what are muscle spasms?
- involuntary muscle contraction does not relax
-muscle seizes, elicited by motor neuron hyperexcitability
hyperexcitability
-spontaneous muscular activity resulting from repetitive motor unit action potentials
–defense mechanism
- brain is signaling muscle to protect area in body
muscle cramp- painful prolonged muscle spasm
agonist and antagonist
contracting is called the agonist
relaxing or lengthening is called the antagonist
concussion truths vs myths
- don’t need a major blow to the head, many smaller impacts
-symptoms may not be immediate
-70-80% resolve on their own
1-2weeks adult, 3-5week children to recover
can exercise after 24-48 hours of light exercise after concussion if symptoms don’t worsen
types of cheating in sport
-influencing decision based on match officials
-using illegal or banded substances
-match fixing (predetermined end result of game)
Russia doping
2016 IOC ban Russia from olympics
McLaren report
- swapping urine samples
- state and government funded
- 4 year band WADA
(world anti-doping agency)
examples of mechanical doping
full body swimsuits
vaporfly
types of joints
saddle joints (sternoclavicular joint)
hinge joint (phalanges)
pivot joint (elbow)
ellipsoid joint (wrist)
ball and socket joint (most susceptible injury)
gliding joint (verabrae)
bones
300 at birth
now 206 (fuse together)
composed mostly of calcium
living tissue (bone cells, fat cells, blood vessels)
non living material such as water and minerals
periosteum
outer connective tissue, covers entire length of bone
angonist vs antagonist muscle
agonist- primary muscle responsible
antagonist muscle- muscle that conteracts
tendonitis
inflammation of a tendon
overuse injury
tennis elbow
-lateral epicondylitis
golfers elbow
-medial epicondylitis
fascia
and myofascia
fascia- connective tissue
wrap around every organ, muscle, nerve, artery etc.
myo- muscle
Cardiac output (Q)
Total volume of blood that is pumped out of the heart
L/min
Q= SV x HR
Stroke volume (Sv)
Amount of blood that is ejected from the left ventricle in a single beat
Heart rate
The number of times the heart contracts in a minute
Average resting heart rate 60-100bpm
Max heart rate 220-age
How does aerobic exercise lead to improvements of cardiovascular system
Increase in mass and dimensions of heart
Increase in ventricular volume and walks
Atherosclerosis
Coronary artery disease
Gradual narrowing of coronary arteries.
Cashed by hard deposits of cholesterol on lining of blood vessel
Risk.
Poor dirt (ie high saturated. And trans fats)
Smoking
Elevated blood lipids
Physical inactivity
Plant based diet help reverse effects
Bradycardia. Trachicardia .
Bradycardia. Heart rate decrease. 60bpm or less at rest
Trachicaria.
- heart rate more than 100 bpm at rest
Diastolic vs systolic blood pressure
Diastolic. Minimum pressure observed- relaxation phase
Systolic.
Maximum pressure observed in arteries. Contraction phase
VO2 max
Maximal rate of oxygen consumption.
Max amount of O2 that can be taken in used for metabolic production of ATP during exercise
Ventalatory and lactate threshold
Ventalatory
- increase in ventilation because increase in lactic acid in blood
- much more CO2 consumed. Breathing harder to get rid of O2
Point where ventilation needed to get ride or CO2 doesn’t match co2 consumption
- drop in ph
Lactate threshold.
- lactate acid buildup I bloodstream. Faster than you can burn it off.
- cause fatigue. Effect muscle contraction.
- not enough O2
Stages in human development.
Infancy and toddler stage. 0-3
Most significant growth in human.
- Head and chest grow rapidly allowing. -
- Brain heart and lungs to develop quickly
Childhood stage (4-10y)
- establish important motor skills
Puberty 11-18
Physiological changes
Sex organs
Psychological adjustment
Social relationship
Adulthood stage 18+
Weaken of joints
Increase blood pressure
Gain weight
Jean Piaget. Cognitive development t
Sensor motor stage. 0-2 y
- object permanence. Object doesn’t exists outside of eye sight
Pre operational stage (2-7)
- reversibility. Not able to reverse process
- egocentric thinking. Incapable understanding another person point of view
Concrete operational stage 7-11y
Logical thinking.
Learn reversibility.
Develop empathy. Limit egocentric thoughts
Formal operational stage 11-15y
Logical and understanding
golgi tendon organs
detect change in muscle tension
-protect from excess tension
-emphasizes discipline “drill surgent”
-professional approach
-top effort expected, high goals
-encouraging, positive reinforcement
-strong intense focus, emphansizes winning
- casual approach
-do not push athletes in training
authoritarian
-emphasizes discipline “drill surgent”
Business like
-professional approach
-top effort expected, high goals
nice guy
-encouraging, positive reinforcement
intense
-strong intense focus, emphansizes winning
easy going
- casual approach
-do not push athletes in training
when was the first Olympics?
when was the modern Olympics?
first Athens Greece in 776
modern olympics- 1896
Romans previously
what is physical literacy
individuals who are physically literate move with competence and confidence in a wide variety of physical
- Margaret whitehead
brain plasticity
brains ability to change throughout an individuals life
synapses may strengthen or weaken over time, proportion of gray matter can change
brain is always learning and adapting
when was the first ever woman’s participation in the Olympics
Amsterdam in 1928
Title IV
prohibited gender discrimination in school
equal opportunity legislation 1972
lub/ dub noises meaning
“lub” ventricle valves are closing
dub aortic valves close
