KIN Chapters 1-3 Flashcards
What are the domains of human development?
Cognitive, affective, motor, and physical development.
What does realizing that human development is multifaced and integrated allow us to do?
To study the ‘whole’ person instead of the parts of a person.
3 reasons to study motor development?
1 To better understand our present and past
2 To diagnose, intervene, or remediate problems.
3 To establish appropriate developmental activities for all ages.
What does motor development study?
Changes in human motor behaviour over the lifespan; the processes that underlie these changes, and the factors that affect them.
What are the 8 significant facts about development?
1 Early foundations are critical; they determine the quality of existence and performance in later years.
2 Maturation and learning both play vital roles in development; setting limits that people cannot progress past.
3 Development follows a definite and predictable pattern.
4 Everyone is different.
5 Each development stage has a characteristic behaviour; each stage is usually age-related and characterized by patterns.
6 Development is aided by stimulation; this can help a child reach their full potential
7 Development is affected by cultural changes
8 There are social expectations for every stage of development; for example, a baby should be walking by 18 months.
What are the 3 most common designs in studying human motor development?
Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential charts.
4 parts of the Ethics Criteria
1 Participants must provide informed consent prior to their participation
2 Participants information must be kept confidential
3 If someone’s chosen to participate, they won’t be harmed in any way and can withdraw at any time
4 Any benefits to the researcher or participate must be disclosed before someone participates.
What is maturation?
It’s qualitative and descriptive, involving the functioning of organs and tissues.
Ex) A child can only walk after they’re able to support the weight of their head.
What is growth?
It’s quantitative (related to numbers), and involves the increase of body size.
What is development?
An interactional process between maturation and growth that leads to changes in behaviour throughout life.
It’s a function of adaptations through life as we learn to integrate our personal, structural, and functional characteristics with our environment.
What does cephalocaudal mean?
Means a developmental direction from head to toe.
Movement in the body usually starts in the head area and works downward.
What does proximodistal mean?
Means a developmental direction from the inside out.
Motor development progresses from points close to the body’s centre outwards.
What’s a product vs process approach?
A product approach is focused on the end result, and a process approach is focused on what is happening during the execution of a skill.
What is June’s definition of play?
A voluntary, spontaneous activity that one enjoys..
What does the American Academy of Pediatrics say about play?
That it is an essential element to a child’s learning. It’s a major socializing agent for children.
When referring to a human process, what is motor development?
The changes that occur in our ability to move and our movement in general.
What is motor development as a field of study?
The study of changes in human movement across the lifespan and the processes that affect those changes.
It seeks to determine what changes we see in human movement and when/how/why change occurs.
What is the developmental perspective interested in?
In understanding what movement was, what it will be, and how/why it was and will be.
Why is our current perspective somewhat biased and needs more cross-cultural research?
Because research was done in Western countries studying traditional Western people.
What are the domains of human behaviour constantly doing?
These 4 domains are constantly interacting, and a complete understanding of any one requires knowledge about the domains it interacts with.
How does understanding the way people typically develop movement skills help us do?
It helps us diagnose problems in people that may be developing atypically. Motor development effects the development of cognitive, social, and physical behaviours throughout life.
What is the cognitive domain?
It studies the human intellectual development and has been the main focus of developmentalists throughout history.
What is the affective domain?
It studies the social and emotional aspects of development, and is often referred to as the socioemotional domain.
What is the psychomotor domain?
It studies human development and the factors that affect that development, and is often referred to as the motor domain.
What is the physical domain?
It studies physical change; all types of bodily change that are separate from motor development.
What does the term development refer to?
The changes we experience as we pass through life.
These changes result with age, experiences in life, genetic potential, and all 3 at any given time.
It’s age-related but not age-determined
What does age-appropriateness refer to?
What does individual-appropriateness refer to?
The predictable sequences of growth and development that most children go through.
It’s the uniqueness of each child. Each has individual patterns and rates of growth, personalities, approaches to learning, and experiences.
What do we need to do to be most effective when working with children?
We need to think about what we know about age and developmental status to provide a general idea of what activities, routines, interactions, and curriculum they can go through.
Elements of Developmental Change
1. What does ‘qualitative’ say about developmental change?
2. What about ‘sequential’?
3. What about ‘cumalitive’?
4. What about ‘directional’?
5. What about ‘multifactorial’?
6. What about ‘individual’?
- ‘qualitative’That developmental change is not just ‘more of something, and that it may not always be progressive or positive.
- ‘sequential’ It says that certain motor patterns lead up to others, and that patterns are orderly in their appearance.
- ‘cumalitive’ That behaviours are additive
- ‘directional’ That development has an ultimate goal
- ‘multifactorial’ No one factor can direct change; they all influence each other.
- ‘individual’ Rate of development varies for everyone.
What are maturation and growth?
Maturation is the qualitative functional changes that occur with age: The organizational changes in the function of organs and tissues.
Growth is the quantitative structural changes that occur with age: an increase in physical size.
They’re intertwined because functions change as the body grows.
Growth slows down, but maturation continues until the end of life.
What are the developmental directions? What does each part mean?
Cephalocaudal and proximodistal. They indicate the direction which growth and movement maturation proceeds.
The cephalocaudal concept means ‘from head to tail’ and can be applied to both physical growth and maturation of movement.
Proximodisstal means from points close to the bodies centre to points farthest from the bodies centre.
Movement regression slowly evolves from tail to head and outside-in.
What are differentiation and integration?
Differentiation is the progression from gross, immature movement to precise intentional movement.
Integration is a related, similar change that occurs as ones movement ability progresses. Many muscle systems develop/change duties as movement skills improve.
They reverse when movement regression occurs later in life: coordination and parts’s ability to preform return to a lower level of functioning.
What are gross and fine movements?
Gross movements are controlled by the large muscles/muscle groups.
Fine movements are controlled by small muscle/muscle groups.
What do researches believe about process over product studying?
That process reveals more information about the underlying factors that’re critical to understanding human movement.
What is the prenatal term? What periods lie within it?
From conception to birth, and is believed to be one of the most influential periods of life.
In the embryonic period is when the baby is an embryo, and the fetal period begins at the end of the first 8 weeks, and they’re a fetus until birth.
What makes up the neonatal period?
From the first 28 days after birth to the first birthday, and is called infancy.
When is a child a toddler?
When they begin to walk alone; usually starting at the first year, and it ends at age 4.
When is early, middle, and late childhood?
Early is in the years from age 4 to 7.
Middles is from 7-9
Late is from 9-12.
A child in the middle childhood is different in many ways from one in late childhood, but the transformation is gradual.
What is puberty? When is it and adulthood achieved? What is usually a marker of this?
The time of radical hormonal releases that’re directly/indirectly associated with many behavioural changes in adolescence.
It marks when adolescence begins.
Usually in girls around 11 and boys at age 13.
Adulthood starts for women at 19 and men at 2, and encompasses over 60 years. Early adulthood is from 20-40, and middle is from 40 to 60, and late adulthood goes from 60 to death.
Usually marked by reaching a max height.
Each stage of behaviour flows into a different stage and each is distinct in its own ways, but possesses traits that link it to the preceding stage. True or False?
True
Research is sure that there are stages to human motor development.
False. They’re unsure whether they exist or not.
How did Gallague, Ozmun, and Goodway represent motor development?
With an hourglass; as time passes, stages of development move up the hourglass.
What are constraints?
Factors that limit/contain/help shape movement development.
Time spent in each period of development is different for each person.
What is Clark and Metcalfe’s representation of motor development?
What are the 6 different periods?
The mountain of motor development. It combines the description of expected changes in motor development with explanations for how they may happen. It’s a non-linear process.
The reflexive period: beginning to learn the was of the world; involuntary responses to stimuli.
Preadapted period: Produce movements that’re often conscious and intentional; the emergence of motor skills.
Fundamental patterns period: Builds on learned skills; the emergence of fundamental locomotor skills (object projection and object interception skills), and fine motor manipulation; the base camp of development.
Context-specific period: Opportunities for expanding movement by combining learned patterns to new and different movement situations; the mountain splits to many peaks at this period.
Skillful period: Experience and practice is needed; higher level of proficiency and expertise. There’s a limit to the number of skills people can fully achieve.
Compensation period: nullifying of/adaptation to effects of a negative influence (from injury or from declines that come from age); a regression in skills.
WHy did the system of categorizing domains evolve?
Because it’s useful for organizing and simplifying the study of human development.
What is a greater predictor of later cognitive development than early fine movement/intellectual ability itself?
Early gross movement abilities.
It’s specifically been found to impact many areas of IQ development and the speech of which information is processed intellectually.
What is the developmental coordination disorder (DCD)?
It’s characterized by impaired motor coordination that interferes with academic achievement and general activities of daily living.
It’s more common in boys than girls
May be related to central nervous system dysfunctions, but can be made better by therapeutic interventions.
An example of the dynamic interplay between sensorimotor and cognition systems.
