KIN 404 4

Question 1

What is the continuum of health?

Answer 1

Healthy and lean –> overweight/prediabetic/insulin resistant –> obese and diabetic –> CVD and death

Question 2

What is a primary prevention for?

Answer 2

To improve insulin sensitivity and prevent disease

Question 3

What is a secondary prevention for?

Answer 3

For early detection and reversal or prevention of disease

Question 4

What is a tertiary prevention for?

Answer 4

TO prevent of delay complications

Question 5

How much Moderate PA is needed to prevent weight gain?

Answer 5

150-250 min/week

Question 6

How much Moderate PA is needed for the prevention of weight regain?

Answer 6

200-300 min/wk

Question 7

How mcu Moderate PA is needed to lose weight?

Answer 7

> 225-420 min/wk

Question 8

After weight loss, by how much for energy requirements decline by?

Answer 8

-300 to -500 kcal/day …15-25 kcal/kg day

Question 9

Why does BMR decline following weight loss?

Answer 9

BMR goes down due to an adaptive thermogenic respone (i.e. decrease in BAT or SLN)

Question 10

What is the NWCR?

Answer 10

National Weight Control Registry…a database of individuals who have maintained a weight loss of at least 30 lbs for at least 1 yr.

Question 11

How do participants in the NWCR report weight loss?

Answer 11

Few similarities in how NWCR participants report losing their weight. Although >90% report using both food restriction and physical activity there is little similarity in the types of diets used for weight loss.

Question 12

What are the 4 common strategies used by NWCR participants to maintain weight loss?

Answer 12

1) Eat a low calorie, low-fat diet. NWCR participants eat a diet with about 24% of total energy from fat, which is consistent with experiments showing low fat diets should be better than high fat diets in preventing positive energy balance 2) Consistent self-monitoring of BW, food intake, and physical activity. NWCR participants continue to periodically keep diet and physical activity records which is consistent with other reports that self-monitoring facilitates long term success in weight management 3) Eat breakfast everyday 4) Very high levels of PA. ~2800 kcal/wk. This is consistent with other experimental results showing that high levels of physical activity are important for long-term weight loss maintenance (62% watch less than 10 hrs of TV per week)

Question 13

Which caused a greater decrease in both trunk and abdominal fat, EX or CR?

Answer 13

They both has significant and equal reductions

Question 14

Which caused a greater improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin action, EX or CR?

Answer 14

Bother had significant improvements that were equal

Question 15

What caused the improved insulin action in both the EX and CR groups?

Answer 15

A decrease in TNF-alpha to adiponectin ratio appears to be associated with improved insulin action in EX and CR Groups

Question 16

What was the conclusion of the study looking at EX and CR on weight loss?

Answer 16

Negative energy balances induced by calorie restriction or exercise are similarly effective in inducing fat loss and improved glucose tolerance and insulin action

Question 17

What is the main influence on weight loss?

Answer 17

Behavioural factors rather than macronutrient composition are the main influences on weight loss

Question 18

What is the obesigenic environment?

Answer 18

We have increased energy intake from our biology and food envrionment and economics, and we have decreaed energy expenditure from our physical activity environment. THe obesity epidemic can’t be reversed solely by promoting individual behaviour change.