KIN 401 Flashcards
Ethics
(Moral theory). Seeks to understand values in human conduct as humans relate to others
moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity.
Philosophical ethics
Searches for ways to reevaluate standards of justification adopted for human contact
Addresses the meaning and uses of terms such as ‘ought’, ‘right’, and ‘wrong’, ‘good’ and ‘bad’, ‘obligation’ and ‘responsibility’
As they apply to persons, actions, social practices and arrangements
Applied ethics
The branch of ethics which attempts to resolve moral dilemmas
Moral dilemmas
When you have 2 values, both of which are ethical values and no matter what decision you make, you give up something you value
“Between a rock and a hard place”
Professional ethics
A subset of applied ethics. The professions are one area where moral dilemmas arise
Ethical dilemmas within a professional setting
Moral issues
Those which raise questions of value about the right and welfare of persons and other sentient beings and character of people
Sentience
- having power of the senses
- sentience is the ability to experience feelings and sensations
Moral domain
Is that domain concerned with welfare and fair treatment of sentient beings and character of people
Moral situation or morally problematic situation
A situation in which significant interests in terms of welfare and fair treatment of sentient beings effected
morally neutral situation
A situation in which significant interests of sentient beings are not effected
There are no major ethical states at play
Morally trivial situations
A situation in which interests of sentient beings are effected but in a trivial way
Moral interests are affected
What is an example of a equality vs justice moral dilemma?
- Performance enhancers
- transgender athletes competing with other athletes
- having different age groups vs different developmental groups
What is an example of a confidentiality vs safety moral dilemma?
- having an athlete confide in you, do you keep it confidential or for their safety
- abuse
- suicide
- eating disorders
What is an example of a safety vs autonomy moral dilemma?
- injury rehab
- athlete return to play
- people participating in aggressive sports (e.g. boxing, fighting)
What is an example of a community vs autonomy moral dilemma?
- university athletes making decisions that the university wants compared to what they personally want
- taking a knee during the national anthem (Colin Kapernick)
What are the 6 types of values?
- Ethical/Moral
- Convention
- Authority
- Prudence/Self-interest
- Legality
- Religion
Explain a convention value
The habits and customs of a culture
Explain a authority value
Values we take or which become expected of us by someone who has power over us (or who’s is or claims to be an expert)
Explain a prudence value
Acting for one’s own self-interest
Instrumentality: when you do something not for the sake of the activity but for the outcome that it gives you
Explain a legality value
Values that uphold the letter of the law
Or rules that can be considered “laws” of the game
What is virtuous character?
excellence or goodness of something; human qualities that relate not only to an individual’s welfare, but also to the community of which that person is a member
What are some examples of virtues?
- patience
- respect
- loyalty
- honesty
- selflessness
What are the 5 components of a moral response?
- Need a moral situation
- Have the ability to recognize a moral situation
- Be motivated by moral reasons to act
- Have the skills to act
- Take action
What is level 1 on the Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
How is this decision going to affect me?
What is level 2 on the Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
How is this decision going to affect me and those in my group?
What is level 3 on the Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
How will I be thought of? Seeking approval
What is level 4 on the Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
What have I been taught to do? Authority
What is level 5 on the Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
What have I promised or contracted to do? Rules
What is level 6 on the Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
Is this behaviour universalizable? Justice
What are the 2 types of rules?
- Regulative rules
- Constitutive rules
What are the 3 types of constitutive rules?
- prescriptive
- proscriptive
- descriptive
What are prescriptive constitutive rules?
Prescribe what you are to do , tell you what actions a player is to do in order to play the game. Create skills, creat activities, create choices
What are proscriptive constitutive rules?
Proscribe as in they tell you what NOT to do within sport
What are descriptive constitutive rules?
Rules that lay out the laying terrain of whatever game you’re playing
What are the purposes of penalties?
- penalties for accidental rule breakage
- penalties for deliberate rule breakage
- ensure that a game, as a constituted by its rules, can continue at that time and in the future
What are the justifications for breaking a proscriptive rule?
- integrity/logic of the game
- legal
- ethical
- prudential
Types of rule breakage
- cheating
- good foul/penalty
- rule is unethical in itself
What is rationality?
process to make sure you have solid arguments, being reasonable, thinking logically about something
What is conventional morality?
- normally characterized by an acceptance of society’s conventions concerning right and wrong
- individual obeys rules and follows society’s norms even when there are no consequences for obedience or disobedience
- do not question rules, traditions, and/or practices
What is reflective morality?
- those that are based on what you believe to be right and not others.
- actively reflect on and think about normative principles that guide behaviours
What are Kantian ethics?
- Deontic or deontological ethics
- a set of universal moral principles that apply to all human beings, regardless of context or situation.
What is deontology?
- any position in ethics which claims that the rightness or wrongness of actions depends on whether they correspond to duty or not
- one is acting or judging from the moral point of view only if one is willing to universalize one’s maxim
What is a maxim?
a general truth, fundamental principle, or rule of conduct
What is utilitarianism?
- teleological ethics
- the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority
- consequentialism
consequences do matter
What is teleology?
any position in ethics that holds that the moral value of an action or practice is a function of the consequences or outcomes of that choice
concerned with:
- acting to produce the greatest amount of benefit (happiness) and the least possible amount of harm
- right and wrong are based on the greatest amount of good resulting
What is contextualized ethics?
based upon a realization that the fitness or ‘goodness’ of our actions depends upon an coevolving world
right and wrong are only determined by noticing the specificities or circumstances and people’s lives, including asymmetrical power relations
What are the 3 components to assess when talking about moral assessment of activities?
- Participation
- Regulation
- Programming
What is a participation question?
would I participate in the activity?
What is a regulation question?
would I regulate others’ participation?
What is the harm principle?
people should be free to act however they wish unless their actions cause harm to somebody else.
What is paternalism?
the policy or practice on the part of people in positions of authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to them in the subordinates’ supposed best interest.
What are rights?
Something to which a person can lay claim as due or owing to him or her by virtue of being human
What are negative rights?
These rights are called negative rights because such rights are a claim by one person that imposes a “negative” duty on all others—the duty not to interfere with a person’s activities in a certain area
What are positive rights?
rights that provide something that people need to secure their well being, such as a right to an education, the right to food, the right to medical care, the right to housing, or the right to a job.
