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3rd year > kin 3457 midterm > Flashcards

kin 3457 midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what is the human factors and some factors to consider?

A

people come in all shapes and sizes and there is variations between/within people.

consider: motor ability, cognition and sensory

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2
Q

how does the human factor help?

A

it considers the worker, and who has to do the job

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3
Q

what are objectives of the human factor?

A

by focusing on one, it helps the other one automatically.

it IMPROVES the system performance and OPTIMIZES human well being

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4
Q

what are the 2 aspects of the ‘operation systems’ and describe them

A

1) operator effect = pain, fatigue, skill
2) system effect = effectiveness, quality, flexibility

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5
Q

list the 3 human factors and describe them

A

1) physical factors = repetitive motion, materials handling, workplace safety, comfort using equipment, posture

2) psychosocial factors = support, stress, mandate, freedom to act eg psychological support

3) cognitive factors = perception, memory, motor responses, interactions. higher workload = higher stress

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6
Q

what are the types of human error

A

1) slips of action
- incorrect execution of a planned action
- eg making the wrong turn

2) lapse of memory
- internal error
- failure of memory
- eg forgetting if you turned the stove off

3) mistake
- decision making failures

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7
Q

what are the 3 types of mistakes in Rasmussen’s model and explain

A

1) skill based error
- no decision needed
- auto response ( a way to avoid SBE)
- eg riding a bike/tying shoe laces

2) rule based error
- 1 step higher than skill based
- more cognitive capacities required
- the use or disregard of a rule results in an undesired outcome
- if x … then y ….

3) knowledge based error
- complex
- goal oriented
- need good knowledge of system and plan of action
- AKA trial and error mistakes
- eg performing a surgery and not knowing what to do next

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8
Q

what is the Swiss cheese model

A
  • layers to prevent hazard and to catch errors
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9
Q

what are the 4 levels of the Swiss cheese model

A

1) organizational factors
- design issue
- eg fault devices

2) unsafe supervision
- failsafe
- eg ‘are you sure you want to exit before saving?’

3) preconditions for unsafe acts
- what were the conditions the workers were working under
- ex sleeping only 1 hour before your exam

4) unsafe act
- operator makes the error

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10
Q

what are the different types of error

A

latent failure = failure of system
- JUST waiting for an accident to happen

active failure = person does something wrong
- system is safe, the person did not follow safety procedures
- eg getting your left leg amputated but they actually amputate your right leg bc someone wrote it down wrong

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11
Q

describe the different layers of error from the Swiss cheese model in the case study ‘lion air flight 610’

A

1st layer
- design problem
- Mcat system at the end of the plane

2nd layer
- angle of attack stopped working at the tip of the place
- the supervision from the pilot tower people couldn’t tell that the plane needed to go up

3rd layer
- the situation the pilots were flying under
- lack of training

4th layer
- could have turned back
- they nose-dived into the ocean when they didn’t have to

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of memory

A

long term and short term

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13
Q

what type of information is stored in long term memory

A

conceptual or skill based

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14
Q

what are the types of long term memory

A

procedural memory
- body movement
- ie how to use objects
- eg riding a bike, tying shoe laces

implicit memory
- stores ‘specific events’ and ‘knowledge about the world’
- eg where your first kiss was

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15
Q

what type of memory is known as MUSCLE MEMORY

A

procedural memory (under long term)

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16
Q

what type of memory is known as FUN FACTS

A

implicit memory ( under long term)

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17
Q

what is working memory

A
  • visual and audio signals signal working memory to start
  • eg school gossip
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18
Q

how much information can you store?

A

7+-2 chunks

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19
Q

what is hicks law

A
  • making choices easier for users by reducing the # of stimuli and getting a faster decision making process BUT there are exceptions
  • user might already have decision before seeing stimuli so might take less time
  • more stimulus = longer decision time
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20
Q

what is hicks law formula

A

RT = a +b log2(n)

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21
Q

what is fits law

A
  • explains how LONG it will take to move a pointer from a specific position to hit different targets using physical world movement
  • larger+closer target = easier to hit
  • smaller + further target = harder to hit
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22
Q

what can fits law be used to compare

A

different input devices

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23
Q

what are the equations for fits law

A

MT = a + b log2 (2D/S)

ID = log2 (2D/W)

increased ID = increased distance + decreased size (increased MT)

decreased ID = decreased distance + increase size (reduces MT)

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24
Q

what are the goals of system design

A

productivity, operator satisfaction, safety

HUMAN FACTOR IS NOT A GOAL

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25
Q

what is productivity in system design

A
  • how quickly can we make them
  • speed and quality
  • trade off (reduced speed = high accuracy , high speed = reduced accuracy)
  • intensification (injuries, bad quality, pain)
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26
Q

what is operator satisfaction in system design

A
  • we dont want to kill the worker but we still want to make sure that everything is moving smoothly w out making the worker want to quit
  • worker empowerment
  • respecting workers
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27
Q

how do we design controls that not only satisfy the workers but groups productivity as well? ON EXAM

A
  • coding of controls
  • emergency controls
  • warning sings, symbols and labels
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28
Q

what are different coding controls and explain then(hint: there are 6)

A

colour, location (in obvious places), size, labelling (use symbols instead cause not everyone speaks English), shape (brain registers feel of different shapes of buttons), mode of operation (our body automatically resetting itself bc it remembers little triggers)

29
Q

what are the different emergency controls

A

red colour, obvious location and easily accessible, labelling, making it so accessible that its dummy proof

30
Q

what is an example of an emergency control?

A

big red seat ejector button for astronaut trainees

31
Q

what are the different warning sings, symbols, and labels

A
  • short and eye catching
  • pictures
  • common words (ie DANGER)
  • can be read fast and not confusing
32
Q

what does WHIMIS stand for

A

the workplace hazardous materials information system

33
Q

what is WHMIS and what are the main components?

A

canadas national hazard communication standard

hazard identification and product classification, labelling, safety data sheets, worker education and training

34
Q

what is the information processing model

A
  • inputs from the environment
  • process the information and output decisions
  • sensory memory
  • HOW to retrieve/store information
35
Q

which sense(s) do we use most at workplaces?

A

sight and hearing

36
Q

what is iconic memory

A

info coming from our sight

37
Q

what is echoic memory

A

info coming from out ears/auditory

38
Q

how long can iconic memory store stuff for

A

<0.5 sec

39
Q

how long can echoic memory store stuff for

A

3-4 seconds

40
Q

what is selective attention

A

the info our brain takes in that thinks its important to store to our working/short term memory

41
Q

why is it hard for people with ADHD to focus?

A

their selective attention cannot decide which information is more important than others so they have information overload

42
Q

what are the components of short-term memory?

A

sight: visuospatial sketch pad (being able to see an image of the info that comes in our brain)

hearing: phonological loop (verbal info coming in)

43
Q

what is the central processing unit?

A

making sure info is correlated and gets stored in the correct area

44
Q

what is the episodic buffer?

A

info that is filtered by what the most relevant info is which then goes to your long term memory

45
Q

what is encoding?

A

short term –> long term memory

46
Q

what is retrieving?

A

long term–> short term

47
Q

what are the different types of activities in 5s methodology

A

value added tasks = customer is paying for this, eg refuel the aircraft for the next flight

non-value added tasks = customer doesn’t pay but it is necessary, eg transportation of fuel from supplier to the airport

waste = unnecessary work carried out in a process and if eliminated there is no effect on the task customer is paying for, eg waiting for approval from the tower

48
Q

what is ‘lean enterprise’ / ‘lean manufacturing’ about?

A
  • identify which type of task it is
  • eliminate waste
  • minimize non-value added activities
49
Q

what is 5s methodology?

A

maintaining a safe, organized, lean and efficient workplace. improved visual controls are implemented to make any process more efficient and easy

50
Q

what are the steps in 5s

A

1) sort = most important
2) set
3) shine/upgrade
4) standardize
5) sustain

51
Q

explain step 1 in 5s

A

sort:

  • decide location specifically and define purpose of each area
  • use 3 pile method (keep, maybe, waste)
  • use red tag method for miscellaneous items (should be gone within a week)
52
Q

explain step 2 of 5s

A

set:

  • organize layout of tools and equipment (tape and labels)
  • designate locations for items
  • what is the priority of each item? (should help determine where to store it)
53
Q

explain step 3 of 5s

A

shine:

  • take everything off workplace and clean it
  • divide areas into zones
54
Q

explain step 4 of 5s

A

standardize:

  • standardized tooling makes change-overs easier/faster
  • use photos and visual cues to guide the worker
  • have outlines for each tool so everyone knows where its supposed to belong
55
Q

explain step 5 of 5s

A

sustain:

  • develop good work habits (ie a maintenance system)
  • use checklists to perform audit
56
Q

why is step 5 of 5s so important?

A
  • saves $$$ in long run
  • increased worker morale
  • a ‘clean’ place to work = a content worker
57
Q

what is the litmus test and what is it used for?

A
  • the 30 sec rule
  • worker must be able to locate the item within 30 sec and if failed, 5s is NOT properly implemented
58
Q

5s is a clean up tool. T or F

A

false! it is not. it is used to provide clean and efficient work environments to reduce risk of mistakes, injuries and employee moral

59
Q

what is dual task control?

A
  • a way of measuring how 2+ tasks are performed at the time time
  • eg running and listening to music or walking and texting … how many errors were made and how long did it take you to complete walking and texting task?)
60
Q

how do we measure dual task control?

A

cog-cog, motor-motor, cog-motor

absolute difference = dual task - single task

relative difference = [(dual task-single task)/single task] x100%

where cognitive = # of accurate responses
motor = time to cover a distance

61
Q

what do the results of measuring dual task control mean?

A

pos # + time situation = bad bc takes longer time
pos# + accuracy = good bc u are more accurate

neg# +time situation = good bc takes less time
neg# + accuracy = bad bc u are less accurate

62
Q

what is the multiple resource theory

A

as people only have a limited pool of resources at their disposal, you must split your attentional resources. so the more process you pay attention to, the less attention each process received due to a barrier to dual tasking

63
Q

what are the different modes of data collection

A

objective (uses instruments and machines, both hardware and software included, eg speed from a speedometer), subjective (your own opinion), qualitative (based on a number) and quantitative (data based on words)

64
Q

_____ and _____ collection can yield ____ and _____

A

objective and subjective; quantitative and qualitative

65
Q

what is an example of each type of data collection

A

sub-qual = interview, open ended survey

sub-quant = rating things on a scale

obj-qual = humidex scale (how hot we feel)

obj-quant= Apple Watch measuring HR or glucometer

66
Q

what is mental workload and give an example of a job that has a high mental workload

A

mental stamina for performing tasks and being able to carry on several tasks for a long duration

student, doctor, lawyer etc

67
Q

what is yerkes Dodson law

A

relationship between arousal vs performance

low arousal = low performance (eg sleep)
moderate arousal = high performance
over arousal = low performance (eg being panicked)

68
Q

what can influence the arousal vs performance relationship

A

skill level (new skill), personality trait (introverts vs extroverts), confidence, task complexity (difficult tasks require lower levels of arousal to perform better)

69
Q

what are some ways to measure mental workload (yerkes Dodson law)

A
  • galvanic skin response (increase in mental workload is often accompanied by an increase in physiological arousal, eg your body making you sweat when you have more mental workload to tell you to cool off)
  • heart rate ( HR increases as a task gets more difficult or if additional tasks are added)
  • electroencephalography (EEG) (brains electrical activity is recorded)
  • subjective assessment (NASA TLX, SWAT)

3rd year (2 decks)

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