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KIN 223 > KIN 223 Lecture : Exam 3 > Flashcards

KIN 223 Lecture : Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the Skeletal System

A
  • Bones of Skeleton
  • Cartilage
  • Ligaments
  • Other CT
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2
Q

What are Bones?

A
  • Primary organs of the Skeletal System
  • Rigid framework of body
  • Many other functions
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3
Q

What are the Different Types of Bones

A
  • Compact Bone
  • Spongy Bone
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4
Q

What is a Compact Bone?

A
  • Dense or Cortical Bone
  • 80% of Bone Mass
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5
Q

What is a Spongy Bone?

A
  • Cancellous or Trabecular Bone
  • Located internal to Compact Bone
  • Appears porus
  • 20% of bone mass
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6
Q

What is a Cartilage? (Ligaments and Tendons)

A

Semirigid CT - more flexible than bone

Structures are composed of dense regular connective tissue: Ligaments connect bone to bone, Tendons connect muscle to bone

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7
Q

What are the different types of Cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline Cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
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8
Q

Distribution of Cartilage in the Adult and Juvenile Skeletons

A
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9
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • Hyaline Cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
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10
Q

Compare the appearance of Compact Bone and Spongy Bone

A

Compact bone is a dense or cortical bone and has 80% of bone mass.

Spongy bone is a cancellous or trabecular bone, located internal to compact bone, appears porous, and 20% of bone mass.

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11
Q

In what three locations of the body do you find fibrocartilage?

A
  • Cartilage of Intervertebral Disc
  • Pubic Symphysis
  • Meniscus of Knee Joint (padlike fibrocartilage)
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12
Q

What are the several basic functions of Bones?

A
  • Support and Protection
  • Levers for movement
  • Hematopoiesis (blood cell production, occurs in red bone marrow CT)
  • Storage of mineral and energy reserves (Calcium and Phosphate)
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13
Q

Classification of Bones (4 classes of bones)

A
  • Long Bones
  • Short Bones
  • Flat Bones
  • Irregular Bones
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14
Q

What are long bones?

A

Greater in length than width (ex: femur, humerus)

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15
Q

What are short bones?

A

Length nearly equal to width (ex: carpals and tarsals)

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16
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Flat, thin surfaces, may be slightly curved (ex: cranial bones)

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17
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Elaborate, sometimes complex shapes (ex: vertebrae)

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18
Q

Classification of Bone by Shape

A
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19
Q

What are the Regions of a Long Bone?

A
  • Diaphysis
  • Medullary (marrow) cavity
  • Epiphysis (proximal and distal)
    Articular Cartilage
  • Metaphysis
  • Epiphyseal Plate
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20
Q

What is the Diaphysis of a Long Bone?

A
  • Elongated, usually cylindrical shaft
  • Provides leverage and weight support
  • Compact bone with thin spicules of spongy bone extending inward
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21
Q

What is the Medullary Cavity of a Long Bone?

A
  • Hollow, cylindrical space with the diaphysis
  • Contains red bone marrow in children
  • Contains yellow bone marrow in adults
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22
Q

What is the Epiphysis of a Long Bone?

A

Knobby region at each end of the long bone

Composed of outer thin layer of compact bone and inner region of spongy bone

  • Proximal and Distal Epiphysis
  • Articular Cartilage
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23
Q

What is Proximal Epiphysis of long bone?

A

End of the bone closest to body trunk

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24
Q

What is Distal Epiphysis of long bone?

A

End of the bone farthest from the trunk

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25
Epiphysis : Articular Cartilage of Long Bone
- Covers the joint surface - Thin layer of hyaline cartilage - Reduces friction - Absorbs shock in moveable joints
26
What is the Metaphysis of a long bone?
Region where bone widens and transfers weight between the diaphysis and epiphysis
27
What is the Epiphyseal Plate of a long bone?
- Located within metaphysis - Growth plate - Thick llayer of hyaline cartilage - Provides for lengthwise bone growth - In adults, the epiphyseal line is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate
28
What are the Coverings and Linings of Bones?
- Periosteum - Endosteum
29
What is the Periosteum of a bone?
Tough sheath covering outer surface of bone Outer fibrous layer of dense irregular CT - protects bone from surrounding structures - anchors blood vessels and nerves to bone surface - attachment site for ligaments and tendons Inner cellular layer - includes osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts Attached to bone by numerous collagen fibers - perforating fibers
30
What is the Endosteum of a bone?
Covers all internal surfaces of bone within medullary cavity Thin layer of CT containing osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
31
How are short, flat, and irregular bones differ from long bones?
- External surface composed of compact bone covered by periosteum - Interior composed of spongy bone Diploe (spongy bone in flat bone of skull) - No medullary cavity
32
Blood Supply and Innervation of Bone
Blood Supply - Bone highly vascularized (ex: regions of spongy bone) - Vessels enter from periosteum - Nutrient foramen (small opening or hole in bone, artery entrance and vein exit here) Nerves that Supply Bone - Accompany blood vessels through foramen - Innervate bone periosteum, endosteum, and marrow cavity - Mainly sensory nerves
33
What is a Bone Marrow?
- Soft CT of Bone - Red and Yellow Bone Marrow
34
Red Bone Marrow (myeloid tissue)
Hematopoietic (blood cell forming) Reticular CT, developing blood cells, and adipocytes In children - located in spongy bone and medullary cavity of long bones In adults - located only in selected areas of axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ossa coxxae, proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur)
35
What is Yellow Bone Marrow?
Product of red bone marrow degeneration as children mature Fatty Substance May convert back to red bone marrow - During severe anemia (condition with reduced erythrocytes; red blood cells) Facilitates production of additional erythrocytes
36
Clinical View : Bone Marrow Transplant
Red Bone Marrow Transplant - Bone marrow destroyed by radiation/chemo - Abnormally functioning marrow - Harvested cells injected into bloodstream of recipient - Migrate to normal locations for red bone marrow - Must be "match" between donor and recipient - So immune system does not attack
37
What two minerals are stored in bone and what are their functions in the body?
Calcium and Phosphate
38
What are several examples of flat bones in the body?
Cranial bones (skull: frontal, occipital, parietal, nasal, lacrimal, and vomer), thoracic cage (sternum and ribs), pelvis (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
39
Draw a long bone, such as the humerus, and label the following features : diaphysis, medullary cavity, epiphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, endosteum, epiphyseal line.
40
Which long bone structures are responsible for a growth in bone length? Which are responsible for a growth in bone width?
41
Where is red bone marrow found in the adult skull?
Ribs, flat bones of the skull, ossa coxae (hip bone), sternum, vertebrae
42
Bone CT (osseous CT) and 4 Types of Cells in Bones
- Primary component of bone - Bone is composed of cells and extracellular matrix Four types of cells found in bone CT - Osteoprogenitor cells - Osteoblasts - Osteocytes - Osteoclasts
43
Osteoprogenitor Cells
Stem cells derived from mesenchyme Cellular division yields another stem cell and a "committed cell" - matures to become an osteoblast Located in periosteum and endosteum
44
Osteoblasts
Form from osteoprogenitor stem cells Synthesize and secrete osteiod - initial semisolid organic form of bone matrix - Osteoid later calcifies Become entrapped within the matrix Differentiate into osteocytes (mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts)
45
Osteocytes
- Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts - Detect stress on bone; trigger new bone formation
46
Osteoclasts
- Large, multinuclear, phagocytic cells - Derived from fused bone marrow cells - Ruffled border increases surface area exposed to bone - Located within/adjacent to a depression/pit on bone surface (Resportion lacuna - tiny depressions, pits, or irregular grooves in bone that is being resorbed by osteoclast) - Involved in bone resorption (break down of bone)
47
Types of Cells in Bone Connective Tissue
48
Composition of the Bone Matrix (Organic Components)
Organic Components - Osteoid produced by osteoblasts, contains (collagen protein, semisolid ground substance of proteoglycans and glycoproteins) - Gives bone tensile strength by resisting stretching - Contributes to bone flexibility
49
Composition of the Bone Matrix (Inorganic Components)
- Salt crystals, calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2 - Interacts with calcium hydroxide (forms crystals, hydroxyapatite, CA10(PO4)6(OH)2 - Other substances incorporated into crystals (ex: calcium carbonate, sodium, magnesium, sulfate, flouride) - Crystals deposit around collagen fibers - Harden matrix and account for rigidity of bones
50
Bone Formation
51
Bone Resorption
52
Clinical View: Osteitis Deformans
53
Compact bone microscopic anatomy
54
Components of Osteon
55
Structures in Long Bone (not part of osteon)
56
Components of Bone : Osteons
57
Components of Bone : Compact Bone
58
Spongy Bone
59
Components of Bone : Spongy Bone
60
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
61
62
63
Process of Cartilage Growth
64
Interstitial Growth : Formation and Growth of Cartilage
65
Appositional Growth : Formation and Growth of Cartilage
66
Where do interstitial and appositional growth of cartilage occur?
67
Ossification (osteogenesis)
68
Intramembranous ossification
69
Steps of intramembranous ossification
70
Intramembranous Ossification
71
Endochondral ossification and steps of long bone development in a limb
72
73
74
75
Interstitial growth and Five zones of epiphyseal plate
Dependent upon cartilage growth in epiphyseal plate
76
77
Five zones of epiphyseal plate
77
Epiphyseal Plate
78
Interstitial growth (continued)
79
Colorized X-ray of a Child’s Hand
80
Clinical View: Forensic Anthropology
81
Appositional Bone Growth
82
Clinical View: Achondroplastic Dwarfism
83
Bone Remodeling
84
Mechanical stress
85
Hormones That Influence Bone Growth and Remodeling
86
Hormones That Influence Bone Growth and Remodeling
87
Hormones That Influence Bone Growth and Remodeling
88
89
Regulating Blood Calcium Levels
90
Activation of Vitamin D to Calcitriol
91
Calcitriol Production
92
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
93
Effects of Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitriol on Blood Calcium Levels
94
Clinical View: Rickets
95
Calcitonin
96
97
Two ways aging affects bone:
98
Osteopenia
99
Osteoporosis
100
Clinical View: Osteoporosis
101
Explain why women are more likely than men to develop osteoporosis.
102
Bone Fracture and Repair
103
Classification of Bone Fractures
104
Fracture healing and Four steps of fracture repair
105
Fracture Repair
106
What are the four basic steps in fracture repair?

KIN 223 (3 decks)

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