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Anatomy Unit 3 > Kidneys & Suprarenal Glands > Flashcards

Kidneys & Suprarenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the kidney?

A
  1. Production of renin for angiotensin system

2. Release of erythropoietin for RBC production

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2
Q

Where is the kidney located? What type of organ is it?

A

Retroperitoneal / extraperitoneal
Left is often higher than the right
Superior pole at level of 11th / 12th ribs
Extend inferiorly down to LV3

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3
Q

What is the renal sinus? What does it often contain?

A

Fat-filled cavity lateral to the hilum of the kidney through which the vessels entering the hilum pass.

Often contains some perirenal fat

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4
Q

What is the layer below the fibrous capsule of the kidney called? What are its inward projections between pyramids of adrenal medulla?

A

Renal cortex - inward protections of cortex are renal columns

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5
Q

What makes up the renal medulla, and what is at their apex?

A

~18 cone-shaped renal pyramids, bases are directed outwardly.

Apex - renal papilla which is capped by a minor calyx extending into renal sinus.

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6
Q

How does urine enter the ureter?

A

Renal papilla -> minor calyces -> major calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureter

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7
Q

Where do the ureters run?

A

Retroperitoneally, on anterior surface of p. major, passing posteriorly to testicular / ovarian vessels. Courses anterior to bifurcation of common iliac, making sharp bend over pelvic brim and into bladder.

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8
Q

What is the renal fascia / what does it surround?

A

Membranous connective tissue surrounding the perirenal fat, making a space called the perinerphric space. It merges medially with the adventitia of the renal vessels.

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9
Q

What is the renal fascia continuous with inferiorly? Does it extend medially across midline?

A

Inferiorly: connective tissue surrounds ureter all the way to the bladder

The perinephric spaces do not communicate across midline, but offers an avenue for hemorrhaging or infection to spread to the pelvis (via fascia around ureter)

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10
Q

Is the suprarenal gland separated from the kidney? Is it still in the space?

A

Yes, by a thin fascial septum from the renal fascia. Still part of the perinephric space

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11
Q

What is perirenal vs pararenal fat in terms of location?

A

Perirenal - inside fibrous capsule of kidney + renal fascia
Pararenal - outside of renal fascia, covered by parietal peritoneum anteriorly and transversalis fascia posteriorly. Invests kidney + suprarenal glands

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12
Q

What is perirenal vs pararenal fat in terms of function?

A

Perirenal - temperature control for best filtration + hormone release
Pararenal - you just have more of this if you’re fat

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13
Q

What structures are related to the anterior surface of the right kidney?

A

Right visceral lobe of liver, 2nd part of duodenum, right / hepatic flexure of colon, small intestine

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14
Q

What structures are related to the posterior surface of the right kidney?

A

12th rib + diaphragm, aponeurosus of transversus abdominus, quadratus lumborum, psoas major

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15
Q

What structures are related to the posterior surface of the left kidney?

A

11th + 12th rib, diaphragm, aponeurosus of transversus abdominus, quadratus lumborum, psoas major

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16
Q

What structures are related to the anterior surface of th left kidney?

A

Stomach, spleen, left flexure of colon, jejunum, pancreas

17
Q

Where do the left and right renal arteries course?

A

At about LV1 / LV2 level, they come from aorta, running posterior to the renal veins (+right is posterior to IVC). They divide into anterior + posterior branches around the renal pelvis before branching into segmental branches which do not anastomose

18
Q

What is the course of the right renal vein?

A

Drains directly into IVC, passing posteriorly to descending duodenum + head of pancreas

19
Q

What is the course of the left renal vein? What are its tributaries?

A

Passes anterior to abdominal aorta just below origin of SMA, but posterior to pancreas. It is longer than right and receives left suprarenal vein + left gonadal vein

20
Q

How many segmental arteries are given off by the renal arteries and why are they important?

A

5 on each side, corresponding to the lobes of the kidneys. They have no anastomotic connections, and thus obstruction of a segment artery will result in complete loss of the lobe that it supplied

21
Q

What structure crosses the left ureter but not the right?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery and vein.

Both are crossed by the gonadal vessels

22
Q

Where are the three internal constriction sites where kidney stones can become lodged?

What is a ureter made of?

A
  1. Renal pelvis to ureter transition
  2. Ureter crossing the common iliac
  3. Ureter entering bladder

A ureter is a smooth muscle tube

23
Q

How is blood supply to the ureter given?

A

Ureteric branches that supply it regionally:

  1. Renal arteries (proximal 5-7 cm)
  2. Abdominal aorta
  3. Gonadal arteries
  4. Common / internal iliac branches
  5. Superior and inferior vesical
24
Q

How do sympathetics reach the kidney?

A

Preganglionics from lesser and least splanchnic nerves (T10-T12), synapse in aorticorenal ganglion, postganglionics enter along the renal artery and its branches

25
Q

What is the sympathetic function in the kidney? PANS?

A

Decrease blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. Increase tubular sodium + water reabsoprtion. Increase renin release.

Absence of this allows kidneys to function normally.

PANS to the kidney is not understood

26
Q

What is the SANS innervation to the ureter?

A

First part by least splanchnic (T12)

Rest by lumbar splanchnics (L1-L2)

27
Q

How is pain referred from kidney and ureter?

A

With sympathetics.
Kidney: T10-T12
Ureter: T12-L2, along posterior costal margin.
L1 dermatomes of iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal will be affected
L2 dermatome of genital branch of genitalfemoral nerve will be affected

28
Q

Where are the IVC and right lobe of the liver in relation to the right suprarenal gland?

A

anterior

29
Q

How is the aorta related to the left suprarenal gland?

A

medially

30
Q

Why does the adrenal medulla stain darker?

A

Melanin accumulates as a byproduct of catecholamine production

31
Q

What is the innervation of chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla?

A

Preganglionic fibers directly from greater splanchnic nerve (T5-T9)

32
Q

What are the sources of the three arteries of the suprarenal glands?

A
  1. Superior suprarenal artery - from inferior phrenic
  2. Middle suprarenal artery - from abdominal aorta above renal artery
  3. Inferior suprarenal artery - from renal artery
33
Q

What are the veins of the adrenal glands and where do they drain?

A

Each has one suprarenal vein

Left suprarenal vein: Drains into renal vein
Right suprarenal vein: Drains directly into IVC

34
Q

What are the sensory afferents and PANS of the adrenal glands?

A

I tricked you. There aren’t any

35
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the adrenal cortex?

A

Greater splanchnic nerve -> celiac ganglion -> postganglionics supplying blood vessels

36
Q

What is a horseshoe kidney?

A

As right and left kidneys ascend out of pelvis, they can fuse at midline and be stopped by inferior mesenteric artery

37
Q

What are accessory renal arteries?

A

Some people have arteries arising from abdominal aorta to the kidney which do not go through the hilum

38
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Autoimmune disease that damages adrenal cortex. Leads to dropped cortisol and aldosterone levels, which are vital to life. There will be problems with metaolism, blood pressure, water balance, etc.

39
Q

Where do kidney transplants typically take place and why?

A

Pelvis / lower abdomen, because it’s easiest to get in here, and blood supply to the ureter is regional. Dissected ureters with segments extending beyond 7cm do not survive a transplant and undergo ischemia / necrosis, so they have to place it lower to be supplied by renal artery!!

Anatomy Unit 3 (12 decks)

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