Kidneys Flashcards
Urine dipstick
15. In a patient with a urinary tract infection; which test on a urine dipstick may indicate the presence of the disease?
a) Amylase
b) Retinol
c) Leukocytes
d) Glucose
c) Leukocytes
An infection so WBC’s so leukocytes
Urine Dipstick
15. In a patient with asymptomatic or undiagnosed chronic kidney disease; which test on a urine dipstick may indicate the presence of the disease?
* Blood
* High specific gravity
* Nitrates
* Protein
Protein
Albumin in urine (inflammatory response damages glomerulus membrane so bigger particles eg. protein can now leak through)
AKI
14. Urinary retention would cause which type of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
(1 Mark)
* Pre-Renal
* Intra-renal (Intrinsic)
* Post-Renal
* Mixed Cause
Post Renal
Kidneys –> bladder
- An enlarged prostate may cause which of the following kidney disorders?
(1 Mark)
* Prerenal acute kidney injury
* Intrinsic acute kidney injury
* Postrenal acute kidney injury
* Chronic kidney disease
Postrenal (prostate is near the bladder)
- Hypotension would cause which type of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
* Pre-Renal
* Intra-renal (Intrinsic)
* Post-Renal
* Mixed Cause
Pre-Renal
RAAS system
16. A) With reference to the Renin-Aldosterone-Angiotensin System (RAAS), which organs are involved in the system?
(2 Marks)
- Kidneys
- Liver
- Lungs
RAAS system
b) A drop in systemic blood pressure results in a loss of filtration pressure.
* Which hormone is released in response to the reduced blood pressure? (1 Mark)
* Which organ releases this hormone? (1 Mark)
Renin is released from the kidney to increase blood pressure
RAAS system describe how the body responds to hypotension
Low blood pressure
1. ANGIOTENSIN is produced and released from the LIVER
- RENIN is produced and released from the KIDNEYS
RENIN converts ANGIOTENSIN to ANGIOTENSIN 1 - In the lungs ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME converts ANGIOTENSIN 1 to ANGIOTENSIN 2
- Angiotensin 2 causes an increase in blood pressure
How does angiotensin 2 increase blood pressure
Vasoconstriction
Pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone (stop weeing) to retain more water
Triggers adrenal glands to release the hormone aldosterone to increase NA+ levels in the blood so more water is reabsorbed due to osmosis
AKI
What is Pre-renal AKI?
Damage before the kidneys (BLOOD vessels to kidneys damaged)
-heart failure
-hemorrhage
AKI
What is intrinsic AKI?
Damage IN kidneys
- chemo drugs
AKI
What is postrenal AKI?
Damage after the kidney to the urinary tract
- Urinary tract infection
- Enlarged prostate
- kidney stones
What is creatinine?
End product of muscle metabolism
High levels of creatine indicate AKI or CKI
What is GFR?
Blood flow through kidneys
What is blood urea nitrogen?
Urea is protein breakdown
high levels indicate AKI
