Kidney Test Study Guide Flashcards
How do the kidneys control PH
They regulate the ph by filtering out hydrogen ions
How many nephrons
over 1 million
how any ureters
2
location of kidneys
behind the stomach and above your waist
anuria
no urine/without urine. your kidneys are not producing urine or that you are no peeing (enuresis)
catheterization
the action or process of inserting a catheter into a body cavity
cystectomy
a surgery to remove the urinary bladder
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by a bladder infection
diuresis
increased or excessive production of urine
diuretics
a drug that produces diuresis (increased urine production)
dysuria enuresis
painful urination (dysuria) - discomfort or burning with urination, usually felt in the urethra or the area surrounding your genitals (perineum)
Glomerulus
a cluster of nerve endings, spores, or small blood vessels, in particular a cluster of capillaries around the end of a kidney tubule, where waste products are filtered from the blood
hemodialysis
kidney dialysis - a process of purifying the blood of a persons whose kidneys are not working normally
hydroureter
abnormal enlargement of the ureter caused by a blockage that prevent urine from draining into the bladder
hypospadias
a congenital condition in males in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis
incontinence
lack of voluntary control over urination of defecation
interstitial cystitis
a chronic condition causing bladder pressure, bladder pain, and sometimes pelvic pain
lithotomy
surgical removal of a calculus (stone) from the bladder, kidney, or urinary tract
micturition
the act of urinating
nephrectasis
dilation or distention of the pelvis of the kidney
nephrologists
medical doctors who specialize in the care of kidneys
nephropathy
the deterioration of kidney function. the final stage of nephropathy is kidney failure, end stage renal disease, or ESRD
Nephrosis
kidney diseases, especially when characterized by edema and the loss of protein from the plasma into the urine due to increased glomerular permeability
Nocturia
a disease that causes you to wake up during the night to urinate frequently
peritoneal dialysis
a type of dialysis which uses the peritoneum in a person’s abdomen as the membrane through which fluid and dissolved substances are exchanged within the blood. It is a way to remove waste products from your blood when your kidneys can adequately
pyelitis
inflammation of the renal pelvis
uremia
a raised level in the blood of urea and other nitrogenous waste compounds that are normally eliminated by the kidneys
urethritis
inflammation (swelling and irritation) of the urethra
urethrorrhagia
irritation and bleeding of the urethra - seen most in adolescent boys
what kidneys filter out
salts, water, glucose, amino acids, and waste products from your blood into the bowman’s capsule
how kidneys maintain homeostasis
the nephron filters our salts, water, glucose, amino acids, and waste products from your blood into the bowman’s capsule. The liquid then grows through a tubule that reabsorbs irons, glucose, water, and amino acids into your bloodstream
how much urine humans produce
2 liters a day
how kidneys control level of sodium
kidneys help control the levels of sodium in your blood by removing and reabsorbing irons
what is a bowman’s capsule
a part of the nephron that forms a cup like sack surrounding the glomerulus. wastes are filtered from the blood in the glomerulus located in the bowman’s capsule
what are nitrogenous waste products
ammonia, urea, and uric acid
Nursing assessment
- change in voiding habits
- problem with elimination or changes in patterns of urination
- frequency
- nocturia
- hesitancy of stream
- urgency
- incontinence
- retention
- dribbling
- hematuria
Nursing assessment - subjective
- urethral discharge
- burning on voiding
- pain: suprapubic or flank
- pruritus, dry skin
stress incontinence
leakage of urine from coughing, laughing jogging, dancing, etc
urge incontinence
Occurs when a person is unable to suppress the sudden urge to urinate
overflow incontinence
when the bladder becomes so full and distended that urine leaks out
total incontinence
when no urine can be retained in the bladder, usually due to neurologic problem
nocturnal enuresis
incontinence that occurs during sleep
Infection disorder: cystitis
- inflammation of the urinary bladder
- more common in females
- common causes are coitus, prostatitis and diabetes mellitus
S/S - dysuria, urgency, frequency, hematuria
- pyuria
- bladder spasms
Infectious disorder: pyelonephritis
- a bacterial infection of the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys
pathology - ascending infection from a lower GU tract infection
- staph or strep infection in the blood
S/S - nausea, chills, dysuria, CVA (costovertebral angle tenderness)
Obstructive disorders: urinary Bladder Tumor
- the only early warning signs are: increased urinary frequency and painless, intermittent hematuria
- main risk factor is cigarette smoking
dialysis
- a mechanical means of removing nitrogenous waste from the blood by imitating the function of the nephrons
- two types of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
- strict aseptic care is mandatory for dialysis clients
explain the urethral control and concepts related to incontinence
The internal urethral sphincter regulates involuntary control of urine flow from the bladder to the urethra, and the external urethral sphincter provides voluntary control of urine flow from the bladder to the urethra.
Describe the normal characteristics of freshly voided urine in a healthy adult
clear (clear to light pale yellow) and transparent urine
why do females tend to get more UTI’s and how can you prevent them?
females get more UTI’s because the distance from the urethra to the bladder is significantly less than that in males. Therefore, UTI’s are more common in females. Additionally, in males, UTI’s are less common because as they urinate, the acid from the urine breaks down bacteria, therefore, if any bacteria is present int he urethra, urine may have a chance of killing it before is reaches the bladder
some ways to prevent UTI’s include: urination after sex, drinking liquids in order to urinate, wipe from front to back and not back to front, avoid holding in your pee
