Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nephrology > Kidney pathology > Flashcards

Kidney pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of raised urea?

A

1) Impaired GFR
2) High protein meal
3) GI bleed
4) Catabolic states (breaking down tissue)
5) Dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes reduced serum urea?

A

1) Low protein diet
2) Starvation
3) Liver disease
4) Pregnancy (due to higher blood volume)
5) SIADH (dilution)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the causes of raised creatinine?

A 
Impaired GFR
High muscle mass
Acute muscle damage
Diet
Exercise
Ketones (acetoacetate= a false positive result)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the causes of low creatinine?

A

Small muscle mass
Pregnancy
SIADH
Excess bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What parameters are used to calculate eGFR?

A

Serum creatinine
Age
Sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What biochemical abnormalities would you see in CKD?

A 
Increased urea and creatinine
Impaired excretion of sodium and water
Decreased bicarbonate (acidosis)
Increased serum potassium
Decreased calcium
PTH increase (due to low Ca)
Mg increase
Phosphate increase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do we categorise the causes of AKI?

A

Pre-renal (due to decreased renal blood flow)
Renal (intrinsic damage)
Post-renal (obstruction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What biochmical abnormalities are seen in AKI

A

Decreased sodium, bicarb and calcium.

Increased K, creatinine, phosphate, Mg, H+, urea, urate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a clinically significant PCR (protein creatinine ratio) in non-diabetics?

A

> 50 mg/mmol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a clinically significant ACR (albumin creatinine ratio) in non-diabetics and what is it in diabetics?

A

> 30mg/mmol in non-diabetics

> 3mg/mmol in diabetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the urine protein level in nephrotic syndrome?

A

> 3.5g/24hrs (>350mg/mmol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name some features of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Proteinuria
High cholesterol and triglycerides due to increased synthesis in the liver
Oedema
Sodium and water retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three cell types in the glomerulus?

A

Epithelial (visceral and parietal)
Endothelial
Mesangial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in a child?

A

Minimal change disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the causes of nephrotic syndrome in an adult?

A

Primary membranous nephropathy, secondary membranous nephropathy (infection, malignancy), diabetic glomerulopathy, sclerosing nephropathy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a common rheumatological cause of IgA disease?

A

SLE

17
Q

Causes of haematuria

A 
IgA disease (primary or secondary)
Thin glomerular basement membrane disease
Post infectious (e.g. streptococcal)
18
Q

Causes of haematuria

A 
Masses e.g. cancers or urinary tract
Acute pyelonephritis
Cystitis
Renal stones
IgA disease (primary or secondary)
Thin glomerular basement membrane disease
Post infectious glomerulonephritis (e.g. streptococcal)
Vasculitis
19
Q

How do we manage CKD?

A

Dialysis.

May eventually need transplant.

20
Q

What is a complicated UTI?

A

A UTI where there are:

1) functional or structural abnormalities
2) factors that predispose to persistent or recurrent infection or treatment failure.

21
Q

What are the most common organisms causing UTI?

A

Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Proteus mirabilis

Less common= klebsiella species, other staphs, pseudomonas aeruginosa, mycobacterium TB, candida species, viruses (adenovirus)

22
Q

What symptoms are likely present in pyelonephritis but not cystitis?

A

Fever

flank pain and tenderness

23
Q

How do we treat uncomplicated UTI in adults?

A

Trimethoprim PO
or Nitrofurantoin PO

Duration= 3 days in women, 5 days in men

24
Q

How do we treat lower UTI in pregmancy?

A 
Cefadroxil PO
Nitrofurantoin PO (1st trimester)
Trimethoprim PO (2nd and 3rd trimester)

Duration = 7 days.

25
Q

How do we treat pyelonephritis in pregnancy?

A

Cefuroxime IV
Switch to Amox or Ciprofloxacin PO
Duration = 7 days for Cipro, 14 days for all other

Add Gentamicin if hypotensive or shock

26
Q

How do we treat pyelonephritis?

A

Cefuroxime IV
Cipro PO
Duration = 7d for cipro, 10d for others.

Add Gentamicin if hypotensive or shock

27
Q

What are the most useful tests for AKI?

A

Renal ultrasound and urine dipstick

28
Q

What are the main causes of AKI

A

S- sepsis and hypoperfusion
T- toxins
O- obstruction
P- parenchymal renal disease

29
Q

What is the single commonest cause of end stage renal failure?

A

Type 2 diabetes

30
Q

What vertebral levels are the kidneys found at?

A

T12-L3

31
Q

What are the causes of polyuria?

A

Polydipsia (Intake increased by 3L/day)
Solute diuresis (hyperglycemia with glycosuria)
Diabetes insipidus
CKD

32
Q

What is nocturia caused by?

A 
Drinking before bed.
Prostatic enlargement (men over 50)
33
Q

What are the main causes of oliguria?

A

AKI
Urinary tract obstruction
Physiological- hypotension and hypovolaemia

34
Q

What can cause sterile pyuria (pus cells but not bacterial infection)?

A 
Partially treated UTI
Urinary tract TB
Calculi
Bladder tumour
Papillary necrosis
Tubulointerstitial nephritis.
35
Q

What are the four major glomerular syndromes?

A

1) Nephrotic syndrome
2) Acute glomerulonephritis (acute nephritic syndrome)
3) Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
4) Asymptomatic haematuria, proteinuria, or both.

Nephrology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions