Kidney/LUT

Question 1

First sign tubule cell dysfunction

Answer 1

inability to concetrate urine

Question 2

Fixed specific gravity

Answer 2

chronic renal failure; cannot concentrate or dilute urine

Question 3

Negative urine bilirubin + trace urobilinogen

Answer 3

normal urine

Question 4

Positive urine bilirubin, absent urobilinogen

Answer 4

obstructive jaundice

Question 5

Positive urine bilirubin + increased urobilinogen

Answer 5

hepatitis

Question 6

Negative urine nitrite + positive urine leukocyte esterase

Answer 6

urinary tract infection

Question 7

Sterile pyuria

Answer 7

positive urine leukocyte esterase but negative standard culture; TB, C. trachomatis

Question 8

Prerenal azotemia

Answer 8

increase BUN and creatinine; decrease renal blood flow (.eg., heart failure, hypovolemia)

Question 9

Renal azotemia

Answer 9

increase BUN and creatinine due to intrinsic renal disease (acute tubular necrosis)

Question 10

Postrenal azotemia

Answer 10

increase BUN and creatinine due to obstruction to urine flow

Question 11

Serum BUN:creatinine ratio

Answer 11

15:1 (prerenal or postrenal azotemia)

Question 12

BUN 80mg/dL:creatinine 8mg/dL

Answer 12

ratio 10:1 indicates renal failure

Question 13

BUN 80mg/dL:creatinine 2mg/dL

Answer 13

ratio 40:1 indicates prerenal azotemia or postrenal azotemia

Question 14

Creatinine clearance

Answer 14

measures GFR

Question 15

Proteinuria

Answer 15

important sign of renal dysfunction

Question 16

RBC casts

Answer 16

nephritic type of glomerulonephritis

Question 17

Fatty scasts with Maltese crosses:

Answer 17

nephrotic syndrome

Question 18

Hyaline casts

Answer 18

normal unless associated with proteinuria

Question 19

Renal tubular cell casts

Answer 19

acute tubular necrosis

Question 20

Waxy or broad casts

Answer 20

chronic renal failure

Question 21

Cystinuria

Answer 21

hexagonal crystals

Question 22

Horseshoe kidney

Answer 22

Turner’s syndrome; lower poles fused