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Clinical Chemistry (LECT) > Kidney Function > Flashcards

Kidney Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Pair of bean-shaped organs located retroperitoneally on either side of the spinal column

A

Kidneys

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2
Q

T/F: Each kidney contains 1-1.5 million nephrons with a total of 2-3 million nephrons

A

T

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3
Q

Outer layer

A

Renal Cortex

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4
Q

Inner layer

A

Renal Medulla

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5
Q

The functional unit of each kidney

A

Nephrons

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6
Q

What is the main function of nephrons

A

Filter blood to produce urine

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7
Q

Enumerate the 5 basic parts of the kidney

A

Glomerulus
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting duct

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8
Q

Glomerulus aka

A

Bowman’s capsule/Catch basin

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9
Q

Facilitates non-selective filtration

A

Glomerulus

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10
Q

Glomerulus

Plasma are filtered:

A

○ <70,000 daltons: filtered
○ >70,000 daltons: not filtered

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11
Q

Tubular reabsorption (those filtered will be absorbed again)

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

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12
Q

Enumerate what the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs

A

water, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids, proteins, urea and uric acid

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13
Q

How many percent are water, sodium and chloride are filtered and reabsorbed?

A

70%

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14
Q

How many percent are water, sodium and chloride are excreted?

A

30%

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15
Q

___% of glucose (renal threshold:
_________ mg/dL)

A

100%
160-180 mg/dL

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16
Q

98% - 100% of ________ will be reabsorbed

A

uric acid

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17
Q

_____ urea such as amino acids, vitamins and proteins (almost all are reabsorbed as they are essential)

A

40%

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18
Q

Maintains the hyperosmolality of the renal medulla

A

Loop of henle

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19
Q

Final site for urine concentration or dilution

A

Collecting duct

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20
Q

Enumerate the functions of Kidneys

A

I. Main function is urine formation
II. Maintenance of blood volume and electrolyte imbalance
III. Maintenance of acid-base balance
IV. Endocrine function

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21
Q

which functions of kidney is to release waste products

A

I. Main function is urine formation

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22
Q

Which function of the kidneys is for the osmolality (amount of solute dissolved in the blood)

A

II. Maintenance of blood volume and electrolyte imbalance

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23
Q

II. Maintenance of blood volume and electrolyte imbalance

90% of it is ____ (major)

A

Sodium

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24
Q

T/F: ↑ Sodium = hyperosmolality = release of ADH / Vasopressin = reserves H2O or initiate thirst

A

T

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25
Q

T/F: ↓ Sodium = hypoosmolality = prevent production of ADH = promotes urination and release of aldosterone(as sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion)

A

T

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26
Q

Which kidney function is responsible for maintaining blood pH

A

III. Maintenance of acid-base balance

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27
Q

Which kidney function promotes reabsorption and excretion of Bicarbonate

A

III. Maintenance of acid-base balance

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28
Q

○ ________: alkaline
○ ________: acidity

A

Excretion
Secretion

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29
Q

Plasma contains 20-35 mg/dL of NPN compounds

A

NON-PROTEIN NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS (NPN)

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30
Q

Enumerate the NPN compounds

A

○ Urea (45%)
○ Amino acid (20%)
○ Uric acid (20%)
○ Creatinine (5%)
○ Creatine (1-2%)
○ Ammonia (0.2%)

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31
Q

Ammonia percent

A

0.2%

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32
Q

Produced by the catabolism of amino acids and by bacterial metabolism in the intestine

A

Ammonia

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33
Q

Neurotoxin

A

Ammonia

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34
Q

T/F: Amino acids → Ammonia (can produce glutamate and cause coma) → Urea (Krebs Henseleit Cycle)

A

T

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35
Q

AMMONIA

Most exist as _________ normal blood pH

A

ammonium ion (NH4+)

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36
Q

AMMONIA

Used for diagnosis

A

hepatic failure
Inherited deficiencies of urea cycle enzymes
Reye’s syndrome

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37
Q

In hepatic failure, liver is the site of _______

A

urea cycle

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38
Q

acute metabolic disorder in the liver that is most common in children and associated with viral infection and aspirin medications

A

Reye’s syndrome

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39
Q

AMMONIA

Reference value

A

19-60 ug/dL (11-35 mmol/L)

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40
Q

How many percent UREA NITROGEN (BLOOD) – BUN

A

45%

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41
Q

most abundant NPN (freely filtered by the kidneys)

A

Urea

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42
Q

Major end product of protein and amino acid catabolism

A

UREA NITROGEN (BLOOD) – BUN

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43
Q

Approximately 80% of the nitrogen excreted

A

UREA NITROGEN (BLOOD) – BUN

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44
Q

First metabolite to increase in kidney disease

A

UREA NITROGEN (BLOOD) – BUN

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45
Q

UREA NITROGEN (BLOOD) – BUN

○ _______ excreted through Kidney/urine
○ _______ excreted through GIT/skin

A

> 90%
<10%

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46
Q

UREA NITROGEN (BLOOD) – BUN

Reference value

A

8-23 mg/dL

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47
Q

Normal Bun:Creatinine Ratio:

A

10-20:1 mg/dL

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48
Q

Assays for urea were based on measurement of nitrogen content

A

UREA NITROGEN (BLOOD) – BUN

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49
Q

T/F: Urea: freely filtered but 60%% are reabsorbed by the PCT

A

F; 40%

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50
Q

Enmurate when UREA NITROGEN (BLOOD) – BUN is decreased

A

Low protein dietary intake, liver disease, severe vomiting or diarrhea, increase protein synthesis

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51
Q

UREA NITROGEN (BLOOD) – BUN

Concentration is determined by:

A

○ Renal function - freely filtered
○ Dietary intake
○ Protein catabolism rate = ↑ urea

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52
Q

T/F: Urea = complete structure

A

True

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53
Q

Urea nitrogen = how many nitrogen of the urea?

A

2

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54
Q

Also known as blood urea nitrogen, serum urea nitrogen or urine urea nitrogen

A

Urea nitrogen

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55
Q

T/F: Blood urea nitrogen is the correct term to use

A

F; Urea nitrogen

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56
Q

T/F UREA NITROGEN (BLOOD) – BUN is easily removed by dialysis

A

T

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57
Q

Enumerate the Clinical Application of UREA NITROGEN (BLOOD) – BUN

A

● Evaluate renal function
● To assess hydration status
● To determine nitrogen balance
● To aid in diagnosis of renal disease
● To verify adequacy of dialysis

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58
Q

Enumerate the Clinical Application of UREA NITROGEN (BLOOD) – BUN

A

● Evaluate renal function
● To assess hydration status
● To determine nitrogen balance
● To aid in diagnosis of renal disease
● To verify adequacy of dialysis

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59
Q

Almost all are excreted in the urine (always present in urine)

A

Creatinine

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60
Q

CREATININE

Synthesized primarily by the liver from ______, _______ and _________

A

arginine, glycine and methionine

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61
Q

Creatinine is synthesized In the tissues / liver and converted to ________

A

creatine-phosphate

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62
Q

Creatine to creatinine by ___________ (dehydration)

A

dephosphorylation

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63
Q

Partially secreted by the proximal tubules via the organic cation transport pathway

A

Creatinine

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64
Q

Measure the completeness of 24 hour urine collection (urine creatinine)

A

Creatinine

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65
Q

CREATININE

○ COMPLETE: _______
○ INC: _______

A

> 0.8 g/day
<0.8 g/day

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66
Q

Creatinine

Always filtered by _______

A

Glomerulus

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67
Q

T/F: Creatinine is released into circulation at stable rate proportional to muscle mass

A

T

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68
Q

Creatinine

Plasma creatinine concentration is a function of:

A

○ relative muscle mass,
○ rate of creatine turnover
○ and renal function

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69
Q

Index of overall renal function

A

Creatinine

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70
Q

Creatinine

Reference value for male

A

0.9 - 1.3 mg/dL

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71
Q

Creatinine

Reference value for female

A

0.6-1.1 mg/dL

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72
Q

Creatinine

Reference value for Child

A

0.3-0.7 mg/dL

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73
Q

Elevated Creatinine is found is abnormal _________

A

renal function

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74
Q

Enumerate

Measurement of creatinine concentration is used to determine:

A

○ sufficiency of kidney function
○ severity of kidney damage
○ monitor the progression of kidney disease

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75
Q

functional or structural abnormalities or markers of kidney damage (seen in blood, urine, tissue test, imaging studies) present for less than three months

A

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

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76
Q

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Kidney markers:

A

NPN and other metabolic wastes

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77
Q

Retention of the metabolic wastes

A

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

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78
Q

CREATINE

Elevated in plasma and urine in:

A

Muscular dystrophy, hyperthyroidism, trauma

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79
Q

T/F: Elevation of creatine in plasma and urine is common because it is freely excreted

A

F; rare

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80
Q

From the muscle

A

Creatine

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81
Q

Immediate precursor of creatinine

A

Creatine

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82
Q

Plasma creatine levels usually normal, but urinary is elevated

A

Creatine

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83
Q

Elevated concentration of NPN in the blood

A

Azotemia

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84
Q

What are the NPNs elevated in the blood during azotemia?

A

Urea and Creatinine

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85
Q

Syndrome associated with high urea in plasma with renal failure

A

Uremia / Uremic Syndrome

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86
Q

AZOTEMIA

Causes of urea plasma elevations are:

A

○ Prerenal
○ Renal
○ Postrenal

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87
Q

Pre-Renal Azotemia

Causes: Anything that produces a decrease in functional blood volume, include:

A

○ Congestive heart failure
○ Shock
○ Hemorrhage
○ Dehydration

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88
Q

High protein diet or increased catabolism: _________________________

A

(Fever, major illness, stress)

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89
Q

State the process involving Prerenal Azotemia

A

Reduced Renal Blood Flow (most common)
↓
Less blood delivered to the kidney
↓
Less urea is filtered

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90
Q

“True Renal Disease”

A

Renal Azotemia

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91
Q

Renal azotemia

Causes:

A

○ Acute/chronic renal disease
○ Glomerulonephritis
○ Tubular necrosis

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92
Q

Renal azotemia

Enumerate the lab results considered

A

BUN
Creatinine
BUA
Anemia
Electrolyte imbalance

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93
Q

Renal azotemia lab results

BUN = ___ (_________)

A

↑
abrupt increase

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94
Q

Renal azotemia lab results

Creatinine – ___ (________;_______)

A

↑
slow increase: 20 mg/dL

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95
Q

Renal azotemia lab results

BUA - ___ (by: ________)

A

↑
12 mg/dL

96
Q

Renal azotemia lab results

Anemia = _________

A

low RBC production

97
Q

Renal azotemia

Complications

A

○ Coma
○ Neuropsychiatric changes

98
Q

State the process involving Renal Azotemia

A

Damaged Kidneys
↓
Poor Excretion
↓
Increased Urea

99
Q

Usually the result of urinary Tract Obstruction (In the ureter, urinary bladder, etc.)

A

Post-Renal Azotemia

100
Q

Post-Renal Azotemia

Urea level is higher than creatinine due to _________ of ____ into the circulation

A

back diffusion
urea

101
Q

Post-Renal Azotemia

Causes:

A

nephrolithiasis, renal calculi, cancer/tumors of genitourinary tract, severe infection

102
Q

Chemical name of Uric Acid

A

2,6,8-trihydroxypurine (aka BUA)

103
Q

It is the major product of purine (adenine and guanine in DNA) catabolism

A

Uric Acid

104
Q

It is the final breakdown of nucleic acids catabolism in humans

A

Uric Acid

105
Q

Uric Acid is formed from_______ by the action of ________ in the __________

A

xanthine
xanthine oxidase
liver and intestine

106
Q

Uric acid is transported to kidney and filtered (___)

A

70%

107
Q

Uric Acid

Remaining 30% by _____ (degraded by bacterial enzymes)

A

GIT

108
Q

Source of nucleic acids (Ingestion and endogenous dead cells)

A

Uric Acid

109
Q

Uric acid is measured to:

Asses ______ of purine metabolism

A

Inherited disorders

110
Q

Uric acid is measured to:

Confirm diagnosis and monitor treatment of _____

A

gout

111
Q

Uric acid is measured to:

To assist in the diagnosis of ________

A

renal calculi

112
Q

Uric acid is measured to:

To prevent __________________ during chemotherapeutic treatment

A

Uric acid nephropathy

113
Q

Uric acid is measured to:

To detect _______________

A

Kindey dysfunction

114
Q

Uric Acid

Present in plasma as __________ (95%)

A

monosodium urate

115
Q

Uric acid

● At plasma pH → relatively soluble/insoluble

A

insoluble

116
Q

Uric acid

If prolonged = uric acid crystals will deposit in the joints causing ______

A

gout

117
Q

Uric Acid

If pH of nephrons: _____ (acidic) = uric acid precipitates making crystals causing __________/_______________

A

<5.7
renal calculi / kidney stones

118
Q

Uric Acid

Reference value male:

A

3.5-7.2 mg/dL

119
Q

Uric Acid

Reference value female:

A

2.6-6.0 mg/dL

120
Q

Uric Acid

Reference value child

A

2.0-5.5 mg/dL

121
Q

Condition called when there is ↑ uric acid

A

Hyperuricemia

122
Q

Most common hyperuricemia

A

Gout

123
Q

Gout

● Crystals are differentiated by the________

A

birefringent

124
Q

○ GOUT (+) = with ___________
○ PSEUDOGOUT (-) = _____ (_____________________________)

A

monosodium urate
CPPD (Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition)

125
Q

Primarily in men and first diagnosed between 3rd and 5th decade of life

A

Gout

126
Q

Pain & inflammation of joints by precipitation of sodium urates in tissues

A

Gout

127
Q

Gout

Uric acid is greater than _______

A

6.0 mg/dL

128
Q

Increased risk of renal calculi/nephrolithiasis

A

Gout

129
Q

hyperuricemia due to overproduction of uric acid (25- 30%)

A

Gout

130
Q

INCREASED NUCLEAR METABOLISM - _________

A

Chemotheraphy

131
Q

● causes elevated levels of uric acid because filtration and secretion are hindered

A

CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE

132
Q

CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE

BUA: ______

A

> 10 mg/dL

133
Q

● Inborn error of purine metabolism

A

LESCH NYHAN SYNDROME

134
Q

It is deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (involved in the uric cycle)

A

LESCH NYHAN SYNDROME

135
Q

Other causes of hyperuricemia

A
  1. Secondary to glycogen storage disease
  2. Toxemia of pregnancy and lactic acidosis
  3. Increased dietary intake
  4. Ethanol consumption
136
Q

Enumerate the causes of Hypouricemia

A

● Fanconi’s syndrome
● Wilson’s disease
● Hodgkin’s disease
● Overtreatment with allopurinol
● Chemotherapy (6-mercaptopurine, azathioprine)
● Alzheimer’s disease
● Parkinson’s disease

137
Q

○ Filtered by the kidneys but not reabsorbed by the PCT

A

● Fanconi’s syndrome

138
Q

Fanconi’s syndrome

○ Resulting to low uric acid as _________ are not reabsorbed

A

98%-100%

139
Q

uric acid not reabsorbed, excreted in urine

A

Fanconi’s syndrome

140
Q

○ Xanthine oxidase (gout)

A

Wilson’s disease

141
Q

○ Enzyme for uric acid synthesis

A

Wilson’s disease

142
Q

○ Low uric acid

A

● Overtreatment with allopurinol

143
Q

○ Inhibited by the uric acid synthesis

A

● Overtreatment with allopurinol

144
Q

________ - xanthine oxidase is inhibited

A

Allopurinol

145
Q

● Best overall indicator of the level of kidney function

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

146
Q

● Clearance of substances that are not bound to protein

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

147
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

○ High MW = ________

A

not filtered

148
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

● _______ of glomerular filtrate is produced daily

A

150 liters

149
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

● _______ of glomerular filtrate is produced daily

A

150 liters

150
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

GFR decreased by ____________ after age 20- 30

A

1.0 mL/minute/year

151
Q

● Removal of the substance from plasma into urine over a fixed time.

A

Clearance

152
Q

● It represents the volume of plasma that would contribute all the solute excreted.

A

Clearance

153
Q

Clearance

● Plasma concentration is (directly/inversely) proportional to clearance

A

inversely

154
Q

Specimen in clearance

A

○ 24 hour urine
○ Serum

155
Q

Formula in clearance

A

(di ko malagay bahala k n)

156
Q

Formula of clearance:

o U – conc. of analyte (______)
o P – conc. of analyte (______)
▪ What is measured
o Volume – Urine volume in mL (___ hours)
o Minutes – time required to collect urine (_____ minutes)
o _____ – ave. body surface of adult individual (0.717 for pediatric)
o A – _____ of patient
(nomogram: height and weight are taken)

A

urine
Plasma
24
1440
1.73
body surface

157
Q

Enumerate the different methods in clearance

A

a. INULIN CLEARANCE TEST
b. CREATININE CLEARANCE
c. UREA CLEARANCE

158
Q

● Reference method in clearance

A

a. INULIN CLEARANCE TEST

159
Q

● Exogenous substance administered to the patient

A

a. INULIN CLEARANCE TEST

160
Q

INULIN CLEARANCE TEST

Priming dose:

A

2.5 mL of 10%

161
Q

INULIN CLEARANCE TEST

Continuous dose:

A

500mL of 1.5% inulin

162
Q

● Not routinely done due to the necessity for continuous

A

a. INULIN CLEARANCE TEST

163
Q

Alternatives to insulin:

A

○ Radioactive marker: 125I-iothalamate & 99mTc-DTPA
○ Iohexol and Chromium 51-labelled EDTA
○ Nonradiolabeled iothalamate

164
Q

INULIN CLEARANCE TEST

Reference value male

A

127 mL/min

165
Q

INULIN CLEARANCE TEST

Reference value female

A

118 mL/min

166
Q

● Best alternative method to Inulin

A

b. CREATININE CLEARANCE

167
Q

● Endogenous and all are still excreted

A

b. CREATININE CLEARANCE

168
Q

T/F: Creatinine clearance is not affected by diet

A

T

169
Q

CREATININE CLEARANCE

o approx. _________ is excreted

A

1.2-1.5g/ day`

170
Q

● Excellent measure of renal function

A

CREATININE CLEARANCE

171
Q

● Measure of completeness of 24 hour urine
(SERUM: collect within 24 hours)

A

CREATININE CLEARANCE

172
Q

CREATININE CLEARANCE

Major limitation:

A

accurate urine collection

173
Q

CREATININE CLEARANCE

Reference value for male:

A

85 - 125 mL/min

174
Q

CREATININE CLEARANCE

Reference value for female:

A

75 - 112 mL/min

175
Q

Creatinine clearance formula:

A

(di ko malagay bhl k n)

176
Q

Traditional formula

A

CREATININE CLEARANCE FORMULA:

177
Q

CREATININE CLEARANCE FORMULA

T/F: Affected by body surface area and correction for body mass should be included in the formula

A

T

178
Q

● Commonly used in laboratory

A

COCKCROOFT-GAULT FORMULA

179
Q

● Results are not corrected for body surface area

A

COCKCROOFT-GAULT FORMULA

180
Q

Assumes that women will have a 15% lower creatinine clearance than men at the same level of serum creatinine

A

COCKCROOFT-GAULT FORMULA

181
Q

● Accurate: does not involved body weight

A

MODIFICATION OF DIET IN RENAL DISEASE FORMULA (MDRD)

182
Q

MODIFICATION OF DIET IN RENAL DISEASE FORMULA (MDRD)

● Multiply result by _______ if black

A

1.212

183
Q

MODIFICATION OF DIET IN RENAL DISEASE FORMULA (MDRD)

● Multiply result by _____ if female

A

0.742

184
Q

MODIFICATION OF DIET IN RENAL DISEASE FORMULA (MDRD)

Variables: _________________

A

Age, serum, race, gender

185
Q

● One of the first clearance tests

A

c. UREA CLEARANCE

186
Q

UREA CLEARANCE

● It is not reliable as some variables are still reabsorbed (_____)

A

40%

187
Q

● Demonstrate progression of renal disease or response to therapy

A

c. UREA CLEARANCE

188
Q

● Low molecular weight protease inhibitor and produced at a constant rate by all nucleated cells.

A

CYSTATIN C

189
Q

● Presence will give problem to the reabsorption

A

CYSTATIN C

190
Q

Why cystatin c’s presence will give problem to the reabsorption?

A

○ As it should be 100% reabsorbed and sent back to the circulation

191
Q

● THE ONLY KIDNEY FUNCTION TEST that is never measured in the urine

A

Cystatin C

192
Q

● Indirect estimate of GFR

A

Cystatin C

193
Q

Not affected by muscle mass, age, diet and gender

A

Cystatin C

194
Q

_______ is freely filtered by the glomerulus but completely reabsorbed by the tubules

A

Cystatin C

195
Q

Cystatin C

Specimen:

A

Serum or Plasma

196
Q

Cystatin C

Increased (↓ GFR):

A

acute and chronic renal failure, diabetic nephropathy

197
Q

Cystatin C

Reference value of adults

A

0.5-1.0 mg/L

198
Q

Cystatin C

Reference value of >65 years old

A

0.9-3.4 mg/L

199
Q

Cystatin C

GFR is computed using ___________

A

Modified Cystatin C Equation:

200
Q

● A low molecular weight glycoprotein

A

Beta Trace Protein

201
Q

● Freely filtered by glomerulus and completely reabsorbed and catabolized by the PCT

A

Beta Trace Protein

202
Q

● Belongs to the lipocalin protein family and functions as prostaglandin D synthase

A

Beta Trace Protein

203
Q

● Isolated primarily from CSF

A

Beta Trace Protein

204
Q

Beta Trace Protein

Increased: ________

A

Renal disease

205
Q

GFR FORMULA USING B TRACE PROTEIN

A

White formula
Page formula

206
Q

All should be in adequate amount

A

TEST FOR RENAL BLOOD FLOW

207
Q

UREA NITROGEN METHODOLOGIES

Sample:

A

Serum, plasma, urine

208
Q

o PLASMA: should never be in _________

A

fluoride or citrate

209
Q

Fluoride and Citrate: inhibits ______

A

urease

210
Q

T/F: Refrigerate sample if delay in testing is expected

A

T

211
Q

T/F: If sample is not refrigerated. ○ bacteria that are urease positive will be inhibited (PMCKEYS (genus)))

A

T

212
Q

Assays for urea were based on measurement of ________, hence the name blood urea nitrogen.

A

nitrogen

213
Q

Atomic mass of Nitrogen

A

14 g/mol

214
Q

Molecular mass of urea

A

60 g/mol

215
Q

Urea = ___ nitrogen atoms

A

2

216
Q

2 nitrogen atoms (______ of the total weight of urea)

A

46.6%

217
Q

Formula of Urea to BUN

A

Urea = BUN x 2.14

218
Q

3 methods of Urea nitrogen methodologies

A
  1. Chemical Method Diacetyl Monoxime (DAM) Method
  2. Enzymatic Method
  3. Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (Reference Method)
219
Q

Indicator dye and not specific

A
  1. Chemical Method Diacetyl Monoxime (DAM) Method
220
Q

Enumerate the types of enzymatic method in urea nitrogen methodologies

A

UREASE BERTHELOT METHOD
UREASE GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE METHOD (GLD)

221
Q

Urea is from

A

Jack beans

222
Q

In Urease Berthelot Method, ______ and ____ can be measured by different method to calculate the concentration of urea in the sample

A

Ammonia
CO2

223
Q

UREASE GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE METHOD (GLD)

● Uses:

A

○ Coupled Enzymatic Method
○ UV Enzymatic Method

224
Q

Reference method for Urea Nitrogen Methodologies

A

Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry

225
Q

Creatinine methodologies

Sample:

A

Serum, plasma, urine

226
Q

CREATININE METHODOLOGIES

Interferences

A

Hemolysis, Ictericia, Lipemia

227
Q

4 methods for Creatinine Methodologies

A
  1. Direct Jaffe Method (Chemical Method)
  2. Kinetic Jaffe Method
  3. Enzymatic Method
  4. Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry
228
Q
  1. Direct Jaffe Method (Chemical Method)
    ● Principle: ________________
A

Folin Wu Method

229
Q
  1. Direct Jaffe Method (Chemical Method)

End-product:

A

red-orange tautomer

230
Q

Jaffe Reagent components

A

o Saturated picric acid
o 10% NaOH

231
Q

When jaffe reagent is mixed, it produces:

A

▪ Picramic acid
▪ Methyl guanidine

232
Q

● Uses spectrophotometry

A
  1. Direct Jaffe Method (Chemical Method)
233
Q
  1. Direct Jaffe Method (Chemical Method)

Interferences: False Increase

A

▪ Creatinine-Like analytes: Uric acid, ascorbic acid, glucose, a-keto acids

▪ Medications: Cephalosporins, dopamine, Lidocaine

234
Q
  1. Direct Jaffe Method (Chemical Method)

Interferences: False Decrease

A

Bilirubin, Hemoglobin

235
Q

Types of Direct Jaffe Method

A

Folin Wu Method
Lloyd or Fuller’s earth method

Clinical Chemistry (LECT) (2 decks)

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