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Dialysis LPN Exam > Kidney function > Flashcards

Kidney function Flashcards

1
Q

Two main parts of the kidney

A

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

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2
Q

Parts of the nephron

A

Glomerulus

Tubules

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3
Q

Which is the functional part of the kidney?

A

The nephron

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4
Q

Acronym AEIOU

A 
Acidosis
Electrolytes
Intoxication
Overload
Uremia
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5
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A ball of capillaries in a sac called Bowman’s Capsule.

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6
Q

Parts of the tubular system

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting tubule
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7
Q

Functions of the kidney in maintaining homeostasis

A
  • Remove water and waste
  • Maintain electrolyte balance
  • Control BP
  • Make hormones
  • Maintain pH
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8
Q

Hormones/enzymes made by kidneys

A
  1. Erythropoietin
  2. Calcitriol
  3. Renin
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9
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

Tells bone marrow to make RBCs

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10
Q

What does calcitriol do?

A

Allow gut to absorb calcium from food

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11
Q

What does renin do?

A

Helps control BP

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12
Q

Seven major electrolytes

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Chloride
  3. Calcium
  4. Bicarb
  5. Magnesium
  6. Phosphate
  7. Potassium
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13
Q

Two ways kidneys control BP

A
  1. Retain or release water

2. Use renin to form angiotensin, which holds onto salt and water and constricts vessels

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14
Q

Symptoms of metabolic acidosis

A
  • Weakness & fatigue
  • Rapid breathing
  • Racing heartbeat
  • Headache
  • Confusion
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15
Q

Types of kidney failure

A
  1. Acute Kidney Failure (AKI)

2. Chronic Kidney Disease

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16
Q

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

A

Sudden severe loss of kidney function

17
Q

Causes of AKI

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Toxins
  3. Sepsis
18
Q

Chronic Kidney Disease

19
Q

How to slow progression of CKD

A
  • Keep BG in target range
  • Keep BP in target range
  • Avoid NSAIDs
  • Quit smoking
  • Ask doctor for protecting kidneys from X Rays or CT scans
20
Q

Causes of Kidney Failure

A
  1. Diabetes
  2. High BP
  3. Glomerular disease
21
Q

Two main types of diabetes

A

Type 1

Type 2

22
Q

Two types of high blood pressure

A
  1. Primary or essential hypertension

2. Secondary hypertension

23
Q

Diseases of glomeruli

A
  1. Glomerulonephritis

2. Glomerulosclerosis

24
Q

What is glomerulosclerosis?

A

Hardening of the glomeruli

25
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

Inflammation of the glomeruli

26
Q

What is Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)?

A

A genetic disease that causes fluid-filler cysts that can grow in the kidneys and sometimes liver.

27
Q

Hypernatremia

A

High sodium in the blood

28
Q

Causes of hypernatremia

A
  • Dehydration

- Water and salt both lost

29
Q

Symptoms of hypernatremia

A
  • Intense thirst
  • Confusion
  • Seizures
  • Death
30
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Low salt in the blood

31
Q

Symptoms of hyponatremia

A
  • Muscle cramping
  • Restlessness
  • Confusion
  • Headache
  • Fatal brain swelling
32
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

High potassium

33
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia

A
  • Pt eating a lot of high-potassium foods
  • Severe blood loss
  • Crush injuries
  • Trauma
  • Hemolysis
  • Missed dialysis treatments
34
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Low potassium

35
Q

Causes of hypokalemia

A
  • Some kidney function but on dialysis
  • Vomiting/diarrhea
  • Does not eat enough potassium in diet
  • Dialysis removes too much potassium
36
Q

Symptoms of hyperkalemia

A
  1. Altered heart rhythm
  2. Weakness
  3. Skipped heartbeats or asystole
37
Q

Symptoms of hypokalemia

A
  1. Tingling/numbness
  2. Fatigue
  3. Weak muscles
  4. Muscle damage
  5. Fainting
  6. Changes in heart rhythms
38
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Too much calcium

39
Q

Symptoms of hypercalcemia

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Vomiting
  3. Weakness
  4. Muscle twitches
  5. Confusion

Dialysis LPN Exam (2 decks)

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