kidney failure and treatment Flashcards
what are the most common causes of kidney failure
1) diabetes
2) high blood pressure- damages the capillaries of glomerulus preventing ultrafiltration
3) auto-immune diseases
4) infection
5) crushing injuries
what happens to the body if the kidney fails
the body is unable to remove urea so its concentration increases to toxic levels within the body
the body is unable to remove excess water so body fluids increase compromising metabolic reactions
list some of the treatments for individuals with compromised kidneys
1) reduced protein diet to reduce urea formation
2) drug treatments to reduce blood pressure
3) dialysis
4) kidney transplant
outline some drugs which may be used to reduce blood pressure as a treatment for compromised kidneys
1) calcium channel blockers- dilate blood vessels and reduce pressure
2) beta blockers- reduce the effects of adrenaline which has the effect of increasing blood pressure
3) ACE inhibitors- reduce effect of angiotensin which constricts blood vessels
name the two types of dialysis
1) haemodialysis
2) continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis CAPD
outline haemodialysis
1) blood is taken from an artery in the arm and run through long, narrow fibres which make up a selectively permeable dialysis tubing
2) the fibres are surrounded by a fluid and the pores of the tubes let molecules in solution out into the dialysis fluid
3) prevents the escape of large proteins blood cells or platelets
4) blood and dialysis fluid run in opposite directions through the machine in a counter current mechanism
5) blood returned to the vein and heparin is added to prevent clotting
what is the name of the blood thinner used in haemodialysis to prevent clotting
heparin
outline continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
1) patients drains a 1-3 dm^3 bag of dialysis fluid through a catheter into their abdomen
2) the peritoneum is the membrane lining the body cavity and has a rich supply of capillaries- it acts as the dialysis membrane
3) materials are removed from the blood of the capillaries into the dialysis fluid
4) after about 40 mins fluid is drained into an empty bag
5) repeated four times a day
outline the role of a donor in a kidney transplant
1) donors may be living or dead however a living individual last longer and works immediately
2) donors and recipient must be compatible in their ABO blood group and their HLA antigens
3) high risk donors include individuals over 50 or higher blood pressure or diabetes
outline the transplant procedure
1) kidney is placed in the lower abdomen
2) the renal artery and vein are attached to the iliac artery and vein
3) circulation is restored
what are immunosuppressants
1) something a transplant patient must take for the rest of their lives to avoid rejection of the new kidney
2) this increases patients susceptibility to infection which could damage the kidney therefore long term low doses are used
