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m2 > kidney embryology > Flashcards

kidney embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main structures in the embryonic ducts?

A

Mesonephric (Wolffian ducts)
Paramesonephric (Mullerian ducts)
Immature gonad
Mesenchyme

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2
Q

what happens to the ducts in females?

A

Mesonephric duct degenerates apart from lower portion which forms
the ureteric bud.

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct forms oviduct

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3
Q

what happens to the ducts in males?

A

Mesonephric duct forms
The male reproductive tract and the ureteric bud

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct degenerates completely

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4
Q

what are the 3 embryonic kidneys?

A

2 non-functional kidneys; pronephric and mesonephric

metanephric kidneys

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5
Q

which embryonic kidney gives rise to the adult kidney?

A

metanephric kidney

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6
Q

what duct are the embryonic kidneys formed from?

A

mesonephric duct

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7
Q

what embryonic structures form the metanephric kidney?

A

Ureteric bud derived from mesonephric duct

Metanephric bud (blastema) derived from mesenchyme

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8
Q

what is the ureteric bud derived from?

A

mesonephric duct

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9
Q

what is the metanephric bud derived from?

A

derived from mesenchyme

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10
Q

how does the metanephric kidney develop?

A
  • uteric bud grows out from the bottom of the mesonephric bud
  • as it grows its surrounded by the mesonephric mesoderm
  • kidneys starts to develop around the bud
  • ureteric bud bifurcates into the major calyxes
  • major calyxes birfucate into minor calyxes
  • minor calyxes bifurcate even more into collecting ducts
  • collecting ducts get surrounded by the metanephric bud
  • bit of the blastema attached to the end of the tubule gets turned into the nephron of the kidney - fuses to the CT and then forms a hollow tube which elongates
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11
Q

what adult structures are derived from the ureteric bud?

A

Ureter
Renal pelvis
Major and minor calyces
Collecting tubules

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12
Q

what adult structures are derived from the metanephric bud?

A 
Renal glomerulus + capillaries
Bowman’s capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
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13
Q

where are the metanephros located?

A

sacral region - S1

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14
Q

how do the kidneys ascend?

A

as the embryo develops, it’s folded over so the head and tail are tucked under the middle
As it develops, it opens up and stretches out
As part of the stretching out of the embryo, the kidneys as a result rise up in the embryo

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15
Q

what is the final location of the kidneys?

A

lumbar region

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16
Q

how do the renal arteries develop?

A

As the kidney moves upwards in the embryo, the old renal arteries degenerate and new ones form to perfuse the kidneys as they move up.

17
Q

what are ectopic kidneys?

A

kidneys that fail to ascend

18
Q

what is kidney agenesis?

A

failure of the kidney to form

19
Q

what are the 2 types of kidney agenesis?

A

bilateral

unilateral - can thrive normally

20
Q

what is kidney agenesis associated with?

A

defects in ureteric bud formation

21
Q

what will happen to a baby with bilateral agenesis?

A

will not survive after birth

22
Q

what is the function of the fetal kidney in the uterus?

A

generation of amniotic fluid

23
Q

what does bilateral agenesis lead to?

A

reduction in amniotic fluid-Oligohydramnios

Cause birth defects including failure of lung development and club foot

24
Q

what is oligohydramnios?

A

reduction in amniotic fluid

25
Q

what is bifid ureter?

A

ureter splits into 2

26
Q

what can cause bifid ureter?

A

Duplicate (supernumerary) Kidneys
Or
Duplicate Ureter (where one kidney is just rlly big)

27
Q

what is ecptopic pelvic kidney?

A

when the kidney remains in the pelvic region - usually 1

28
Q

what is pancake kidney?

A

when both poles of the kidneys fuse together (top and bottom fuse)
cannot ascend through the embryo but functions normally

29
Q

what happens in horseshoe kidney?

A

Kidneys fuse in pelvic region (one pole)

Form a single U shaped kidney

30
Q

why cant horseshoe kidneys ascend?

A

bc they get stopped by the inferior mesenteric artery

31
Q

what is a polycystic kidney?

A

kidneys that develop fluid filled cysts

32
Q

what 2 proteins are associated with polycystic kidneys?

A

polycystin

fibrocystin

33
Q

what causes autosomal dominant polycystic kidneys?

A

polycystin mutations

34
Q

what causes autosomal recessive polycystic kidneys?

A

fibrocystin

35
Q

what causes polycystic kidneys?

A

whole system forms normally

protein defects affect the primary cilia

36
Q

what are the primary cilia?

A

large sensory cilia on cells

one per cell

37
Q

what are the functions of primary cilia?

A

cell adhesion, calcium transport, sensing the environment, signal transduction pathways, cell cycle

38
Q

what is the mechanism of cyst growth?

A

Cysts originates as dilations of intact tubule
Cyst enlarges and loses contact with nephron
Cyst epithelium becomes secretory resulting in increased fluid secretion into lumen of cyst
Increased proliferation of cyst epithelium

m2 (24 decks)

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