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Metabolism 2 > Kidney Embrology > Flashcards

Kidney Embrology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the embryonic ducts that help make up the embryonic kidney

A

Mesonerphic (Wolffian ducts)
Paramesnopneprhic (Mullerian ducts)
Immature gonad – gives rise to the testes or ovaries
Mesenchyme

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2
Q

What duct break down in the females and what ducts form what

A
  • All of the mesonephric duct breaks down apart from the lower portion which forms the ureteric bud of the kidney
  • Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct this form the oviduct
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3
Q

What ducts break down in the male

A
  • Mesonephric duct forms the male reproductive tract and the ureteric bud of the kidney
  • Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct degenerates completely
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4
Q

What duct forms the ureteric bud of the kidney

A

Mesonephric ducts

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5
Q

How many stages of embryonic development are there

A

3

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6
Q

Name the 3 stages of embryonic development

A
  • Pronephric kidney
  • Mesonephric kidney
  • Metanephric kidney
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7
Q

what stages of the kidney embryonic develop are the kidneys not functional

A
  • Pronephric kidney

- Mesonephric kidney

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8
Q

what is the kidney from the embryonic stages that is in the adult

A
  • Metanephric kidney
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9
Q

what does the duct does the metanephric kidney develop from

A
  • it develops from the mesoneprhic duct
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10
Q

what 2 embryonic structures form the metanephric kidney

A
  • Ureteric bud derived from mesonephric duct

* Metanephric bud (blastema) derived from mesenchyme

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11
Q

where does the ureteric bud extend from

A
  • the uteric bud extends from the mesonephric duct and the mesoderm starts to form around this
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12
Q

What adult structures does the ureteric bud develop into

A
  • ureter
  • renal pelvis
  • major and minor calyces
  • collecting tubules
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13
Q

what adult structures does the metanephric (blastema) bud develop into

A
  • Renal glomerulus and capillaries
  • Bowman’s capsule
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
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14
Q

what does the ureteric bud basically give rise to

A
  • Basically gives rise to the collecting system of the kidney
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15
Q

what does the ureteric bud bifurcate into

A
  • Ureteric bud bifurcates to form the major calyxes of the kidney,
  • the major calyxes then bifurcates many times to give rise to the minor calyxes of the kidney,
  • the minor calyxes bifurcate many times to give rise to 1-3 million collecting tubules of the adult kidney
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16
Q

what does the metanephric bud basically give rise to

A
  • the excretory system nephron
17
Q

describe how the metaneprhic bud gives rise to the excretory system nephron

A
  • Some of the mesenchyme fuses to the collecting tubule and forms a hollow tube which then divides and elongated deamatically to give rise to the nephrons
  • The wall between the tubule will breakdown so there is a communication between the collecting tuble and the wall of the nephron
18
Q

where is the metanephric kidneys located to start with and where is there final location

A
  • Metanephros located in the sacral region (S1)

* Final location upper lumbar region (T 12)

19
Q

describe how the kidneys ascend in the embryo

A
  • the kidneys ascend as the embryo unfolds and stretches out
  • as they ascend the renal arteries from the aorta that are supplying them degenerate and then new ones form as the kidneys move up with them in order to perfuse the kidney in there new place
20
Q

what is kidney anagenesis

A
  • Failure of kidney to form

- Unilateral or bilateral (one kidney or both kidney) – if one fails you probably wouldn’t realise

21
Q

What is kidney angensis usually associated with

A
  • Often associated with defects or failures in ureteric bud formation
22
Q

How many people is kidney agenesis associated with

A

1 in 1000 live births

23
Q

Does the baby survive in bilateral agenesis

A
  • Very rare

- Baby wont survive after birth

24
Q

Why does the baby not survive in bilateral agenesis

A
  • In the uterus foetal kidney important for generation of amniotic fluid – because in utero the baby basically regulates by the amniotic fluid by drinking it and peeing it back out but if the kidneys don’t work then it cannot control the level of amniotic fluid, this can cause failure of lung development and club foot
  • Bilateral renal agenesis there is a reduction in amniotic fluid-Oligohydramnios
  • Cause birth defects including failure of lung development and club foot
25
Q

what can bilateral agenesis cause

A
  • Cause birth defects including failure of lung development and club foot
26
Q

what is the bifid ureter

A
  • this is when the ureter splits into two
27
Q

what does a bifid ureter form

A
  • Duplicate (supernumerary) kidneys
    Or
  • Duplicate ureter
28
Q

what is an ectopic-pelvic kidney

A
  • Kidneys that remain in the pelvic region of the embryo
29
Q

What is a pancake kidney

A

– these can form if the top and bottom of the kidney fuse together
-2 come together and form one very large kidney – this can not then ascend within the embryo (prep has because it gets stuck under the inferior mesenteric artery due to its size

30
Q

name some ectopic kidneys

A
  • pancake kidney
  • horseshoe kidney
  • polycystic kidney
31
Q

What is a horseshoe kidney

A
  • Kidneys fuse in pelvic region (one pole)
  • Form a single U shaped kidney
  • Cannot ascend due to inferior mesenteric artery
32
Q

What is a polycystic kidney

A
  • Kidney develop fluid filled cysts

* 50% kidney failure by age 60

33
Q

What are the two types of polycystic kidney

A
  • Autosomal dominant 1:800-1:1000 (polycystin)

* Autosomal recessive 1:20,000 (fibrocystin)

34
Q

what are the two proteins that polycystic kidneys are associated with

A

polycystin, fibrocystin

35
Q

describe the mutations in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

A
  • 85-90% associated with mutations in polycystin (PKD-1)
  • 10-15% mutations in polycystin-2 (PKD-2)
  • Polycystins are localised to the primary cilia (Ciliopathy)
  • Involved in cell adhesion, calcium transport and cell cycle
36
Q

describe the mechanism of cystic growth that leads to polycystic kidney disease

A
  • Cysts originates as dilations of intact tubule
  • Cyst enlarges and loses contact with nephron
  • Cyst epithelium becomes secretory resulting in increased fluid secretion into lumen of cyst
  • Increased proliferation of cyst epithelium

Metabolism 2 (40 decks)

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