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SF3.05_Urogenital Development_SEIDEN > Kidney Development > Flashcards

Kidney Development Flashcards

1
Q

Most of the urogenital system develops from what mesoderm?

A

intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

Intermediate mesoderm:

A
  • mesoderm between paraxial mesoderm and lateral plate mesoderm
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3
Q

The intermediate mesoderm forms an elevation in the posterior wall of the embryo known as the:

A

urogenital ridge

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4
Q

The two direct derivations of the urogenital ridge:

A
  1. nephrogenic ridge
  2. gonadal ridge
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5
Q

Metanephrogenic ridge location and function:

A
  • additional intermediate mesoderm at caudal end of nephrogenic ridge in lumbosacral region.
  • forms filtration part of adult kidney.
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6
Q

The nephrogenic ridge differentiates into:

A

cranio-caudal differentiation

  • pronephros (quickly degenerates)
  • mesonephros
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7
Q

Function of mesonephros:

A
  • kidney of embryo until definitive kidney is formed and
  • functional (at about 10 weeks).
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8
Q

Label all (embryo):

A
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9
Q

mesonephric (Wolffian) duct:

A
  • runs length of nephrogenic ridge
  • enters anterior portion of cloaca (caudal end of hindgut)
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10
Q

Urine output in the embryo before cloaca division and rupture:

A
  1. blood filtered by mesonephros.
  2. urine passes through:
    1. mesonephric tubules
    2. mesonephric duct
    3. cloaca
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11
Q

What two structures come together to form the umbilical cord?

A
  • connecting stalk/allantois
  • yolk sac
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12
Q

Allantois origin and function:

A
  • outgrowth of cloaca
  • no function - ends blindly in umbilical cord
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13
Q

Process of cloaca division:

A
  • urorectal septum (mesoderm) grows downward and divides cloacal membrane.
  • Back part = anorectal canal.
  • Front part = urogenital sinus (bladder).
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14
Q

Following cloaca division, the mesonephric duct drains into which part?

A

anterior; urogenital sinus (bladder)

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15
Q

Failure of the allantois to fuse and degenerate will lead to:

A

urachal fistula

(bladder connected to outside world)

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16
Q

Urine appearing at umbilicus is due to:

A
  • urachal fistula
  • failure of allantois to fuse and degenerate
17
Q

Feces appearing at umbilicus is due to:

A

vitelline fistula

18
Q

Partial fusion and degneration of the allantois can lead to:

A

an internal or external urachal sinus.

19
Q

Failure of mid-allantois fusion will lead to:

A

urachal cyst.

20
Q

Remnant of the fully fused and degenerated allantois in adults:

A

median umbilical ligament

21
Q

Urine output in the embryo AFTER cloaca division and rupture:

A
  1. blood filtered by mesonephros.
  2. urine passes through:
    1. mesonephric tubules
    2. mesonephric duct
    3. urogenital sinus (bladder)
    4. amniotic fluid
22
Q

Oligohydramnios:

A
  • Abnormally reduced volume of amniotic fluid.
  • Caused by failure to produce normal volume of urine.
  • Renal defect.
23
Q

Symptoms of oligohydramnios:

A
  • abnormalities in lung development, limb development, facial development
  • (Potter sequence)
24
Q

Polyhydramnios:

A
  • Abnormally increased volume of amniotic fluid.
  • Caused by GI tract obstruction or loss of swallowing reflex.
25
Q

Steps in development of adult kidney:

A
  1. ureteric bud branches off mesonephric duct into metanephric blastema.
  2. ureteric bud induces metanephric blastema to differentiate into filtration part of adult kidney (nephrons).
  3. metanephric blastema induces ureteric bud to branch.
  4. ureteric bud branches into renal pelvis, major calyces, minor calyces and collecting tubules.
  5. unbranched portion of ureteric bud becomes ureter.
26
Q

The adult kidney is formed from two embryonic structures:

A
  • metanephric blastema = filtration
    • (nephrons and cortex)
  • ureteric bud = conducting
    • (collecting tubules, calyces, pelvis; medulla)
27
Q

The metanephric blastema becomes what part of the adult kidney?

A
  • filtration part (cortex)
  • nephrons
28
Q

The ureteric bud becomes what part of the adult kidney?

A
  • conducting part (medulla)
  • collecting tubules, major and minor calyces, renal pelvis
29
Q

What occurs if the ureteric bud does not enter the metanephric blastema?

A
  • kidney development will not proceed
  • renal agenesis
30
Q

Branches of ureteric bud, proximal to distal:

A
  • renal pelvis
  • major calyce
  • minor calyce
  • collecting tubules
31
Q

The kidneys originally develop in what part of the body?

A
  • pelvis
  • due to metanephrogenic blastema being located at sacral level of intermediate mesoderm.
32
Q

How do the kidneys ascend in the embryo to their normal position in the upper lumbar levels in the adult?

A
  • do not actualy ascend
  • differential growth rates in the lower part of the embryo, the kidneys appear to ascend to reach their adult position at upper lumbar levels.
33
Q

As the kidneys ascend, what do they also do?

A

rotate so that the hilus faces medially

34
Q

Blood supply to the kidneys as they ascend from the pelvis to the upper lumbar region:

A
  • gain new arteries during ascension from higher levels of the abdominal aorta and lose lower arteries.
  • may lead to additional renal arteries arising usually from lower levels of the aorta that do not degenerate.
35
Q

All renal arteries are what type of arteries?

A
  • end arteries
  • loss of a renal artery will cause death to a region of the kidney.
36
Q

An accessory renal artery is due to:

A
  • the artery supplying blood prior to the primary renal artery not degenerating.
  • kidney changes blood supply as it ascends.
37
Q

If a kidney fails to ascend, what wil result?

A

a pelvic kidney

38
Q

Horseshoe kidney:

A

lower poles of kidneys fuse

39
Q

Horseshoe kidneys cannot ascend any higher than:

A
  • inferior mesenteric artery (L3)
  • hooks over the fused portion of the kidneys

SF3.05_Urogenital Development_SEIDEN (3 decks)

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