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Patho I: Exam 3 > Kidney > Flashcards

Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

renal capsule

A

connective tissue surrounding the kidney

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2
Q

renal cortex

A

area immediately beneath the capsule, which contains the glomeruli and portions of tubules- receives most of the blood flow- mostly concerned with reabsorbing filtered material

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3
Q

Renal Medulla

A

the innermost part of the kidney

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4
Q

Renal artery

A

supplies each kidney with blood

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5
Q

Renal sinus

A

cavity within the kidney which is occupied by the renal pelvis

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6
Q

Calyces

A

tubes through which urine drains into the renal pelvis

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7
Q

Glomerulus

A

clusters of capillaries-plasma is filtered from capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule

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8
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

double membrane that surrounds the glomerulus

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9
Q

PCT

A

reabsorbs most of the filtered load

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10
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Urine concentration

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11
Q

DCT

A

reabsorbs Na and H2O

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12
Q

Collecting Duct

A

collects urine from excretion

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13
Q

Ureters

A

transports urine from the calyces to the bladder

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14
Q

Urethra

A

transports urine from bladder to urinary meatus

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15
Q

How many nephrons are in each kidney?

A

Approximately 1 million nephrons i

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16
Q

How much blood flow does the kidney receive?

A

~22% of cardiac output

17
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A
  • Excretion of metabolic waste products
  • Excretion of foreign chemicals
  • Hormone synthesis, metabolism, and excretion
  • Regulation of acid base balance
  • Regulation of arterial pressure
  • Regulation of water and electrolyte balance
  • Gluconeogenesis
18
Q

What is involved in urine formation?

A

Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion

19
Q

What is involved in filtration?

A

Non selective; averages 20% of renal plasma flow

20
Q

what is involved in reabsorption?

A

highly variable and selective; most electrolytes and nutritional substances are almost completely reabsorbed

21
Q

what is involved in secretion?

A

highly variable; important for rapidly excreting some waste products, foreign substances, and toxins

22
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A
  • Urine formation begins with filtration of large amounts of fluid through the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule
  • the glomerular capillaries are relatively impermeable to proteins
23
Q

Constituents of glomerular filtrate

A

most salts, organic molecules (similar to the concentrations in the plasma)

24
Q

The 3 layers of glomerular filtration barrier

A
  1. The endothelium of the capillary
  2. A basement membrane
  3. A layer of epithelial cells
25
Q

Constant GFR

A

80-180 mmHg

26
Q

The Net Filtration Pressure

A

The sum of the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces that either favor or oppose filtration across the glomerular capillaries

27
Q

How much water is excreted each day?

A

1 liter

28
Q

How much sodium is excreted each day?

A

150 mmol

29
Q

How much glucose is excreted each day?

A

0

30
Q

How much creatinine is excreted each day?

A

1.8 gm

31
Q

Autoregulation

A

feedback mechanism intrinsic to the kidneys normally to keep renal blood flow and GFR relatively constant, despite marked changes in arterial blood pressure (80-180 mmHg)

32
Q

What is the Juxtaglomerular Complex equation

A

Juxtaglomerular Complex = Macula Densa + Juxtaglomerular Cells

33
Q

Clearance of insulin (Cin)

A

if CxCin: indicates secretion of X

34
Q

Formation of a Dilute Urine

A
  • Continue electrolyte reabsorption
  • Decrease water reabsorption
  • Mechanism: decreased ADH release and reduced water permeability in distal and collecting tubules
35
Q

Formation of a Concentrated Urine

A
  • Continued electrolyte reabsorption
  • Increase water reabsorption
  • Mechanism:
  • increased ADH release which increases water permeability in distal and collecting tubule
  • high osmolarity of renal medulla
  • countercurrent flow of tubular fluid
36
Q

Characteristics of normal urine

A 
No protein
No RBC
No Heme
No cellular casts
No fat
No sugar

Patho I: Exam 3 (4 decks)

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