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Gross 2 final exam > Kidney > Flashcards

Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

remove water, salts, and products of protein metabolism from the blood

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2
Q

What is the shape and position of the kidney?

A

bean-shaped; retroperitoneal from T12 to L3

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3
Q

What are the relative orientations of the kidneys?

A

the right kidney lies slightly lower than the left due to the large size of the right lobe of the liver

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4
Q

What muscle lies posterior to the kidney?

A

psoas major

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5
Q

What lies medial to the kidney?

A

the vertebral column

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6
Q

What is sometimes mistaken for kidney pain?

A

a strained psoas major

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7
Q

What is the posterior-most organ of the abdomen?

A

kidney

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8
Q

Name the surfaces of the kidney.

A

anterior & posterior

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9
Q

Name the boarders of the kidney.

A

medial & lateral

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10
Q

Name the poles of the kidney.

A

superior & inferior

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11
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney?

A

a vertical fissure on the medial surface of the kidney

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12
Q

What structures are transmitted by the hilum of the kidney?

A

renal v. (ant), renal a. (btw v. and ureter), ureter (post), and autonomic and sensory nerves

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13
Q

What is the expanded superior end of the ureter within the hilum of the kidney?

A

renal pelvis

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14
Q

What is the recess located within the hilum, which is filled with fat?

A

renal sinus

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15
Q

What are the structures which enter the hilum (collectively)?

A

renal pedicle

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16
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

the outer portion of the kidney

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17
Q

What are the renal columns?

A

projections of the cortex into the medulla between the renal pyramids

18
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

the inner portion of the kidney including 8 to 12 renal pyramids

19
Q

What is a renal pyramid?

A

termination of the renal medulla in an apex known as the renal papilla

20
Q

What are minor calices?

A

cup-shaped structures into which the renal papillae fit

21
Q

What are major calices?

A

2-3 major channels into which the minor calices empty; they empty into the renal pelvis

22
Q

Where does the renal artery originate?

A

abdominal aorta

23
Q

What are extrahilar arteries?

A

accessory arteries which may originate from the abdominal aorta above or below the renal artery

24
Q

Where does the renal vein drain?

A

inferior vena cava

25
Q

What does the left renal vain drain?

A

left kidney, suprarenal gland, gonad, diaphragm, and body wall

26
Q

The left renal vein and third part of the duodenum may be compressed between what two structures in an “anatomical nutcracker?”

A

aorta (post) and superior mesenteric a. (ant)

27
Q

What are possible resulting conditions of the “anatomical nutcracker?”

A

left side kidney failure & vomiting

28
Q

What are the causes of the “anatomical nutcracker?”

A

compressive abdominal trauma, application of a body cast (cast syndrome), and aortic aneurysm

29
Q

What are the functions of fat around the kidney?

A

protection, insulation, and support

30
Q

The renal plexus is formed by fibers from which contributing nerve bundles?

A

celiac plexus, aortic plexus, direct branches from the thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves (mainly the Least Splanchnic n. (T12)

31
Q

What are the layers covering the kidney, starting with the most suberficial?

A

Paranephric fat, renal fascia, perinephric fat, renal capsule

32
Q

Define renal fascia.

A

a membranous layer of extraperitoneal tissue which splits to enclose the kidney

33
Q

What substances can form kidney stones?

A

calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid (gout)

34
Q

What symptoms are present with kidney stones?

A

a dull ache in the kidney with more severe pain as the stone enters the ureter

35
Q

What are the risk factors for developing kidney stones?

A

male, low fluid intake, southeastern USA

36
Q

How many constrictions of the ureter may house a kidney stone?

A

one of three; this restricts urinary flow

37
Q

What may be used to break up kidney stones from outside the body?

A

Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)

38
Q

What is another name for “floating kidney”?

A

nephroptosis

39
Q

Who is most at risk for nephroptosis?

A

very thin people (Supermodel disease)

40
Q

What can happen with Nephroptosis?

A

hypermobile kidney moves downward within the renal fascia; may descend into pelvis; may turn upside-down, twisting vessels and the ureter

Gross 2 final exam (11 decks)

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