Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PCOL 390 > KIDNEY > Flashcards

KIDNEY Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the kidney

A

-Basic renal processes (Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion)
-Urine formation
-Fluid and electrolyte balance (K, Na)
-Acid-base balance regulation
-Waste product (urea), drugs, toxins excretion
-Secretion of hormones (ADH, renin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anatomy of kidney

A

Paired, bean shaped located retroperitoneally on either side of spinal column
Two regions
- cortex (outer)
- medulla (inner)
Bilateral ureters - thick walled canals, connecting kidney to bladder
Nephrons - functional units of kidneys (1mil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Five parts of nephron

A

Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Glomerulus

A

Part of nephron
A capillary tuff surrounded by expanded end of the renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Glomerulus functions

A
  • Filters plasma to produce glomerular filtrate
  • Filters through nephron to form urine
  • Efficiency of filtration is GFR
  • Volume of blood filtered per min
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is GFR measured?

A

Creatine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Creatine tissue source

A

muscle mostly 2% of creatine results in creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Diagnostic significance:

A
  • Not reabsorbed by tubules
  • This is why it can be used to
    monitor GFR
  • Kidney function.
  • Monitoring progressive
    kidney disease.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Proximal & distal convoluted tubule

A

Part of the nephron
Located in the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Part of the nephron
comprising descending and
ascending limbs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Loop of Henle functions

A
  • Recovery of water and ions.
  • Regulates osmolality.
  • Loop diuretics: Furosemide
    Loop diuretic that increases excretion of Na +
    and C
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule functions

A

Re)absorption:
* ~67% of Na + , K +
* 100% of organic solutes
* 50% of urea
* ~80% of Phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Distal convoluted tubule functions

A
  • Adjusts for electrolyte and acid–base
    homeostasis.
  • Only 10% of filtrate volume remains.
  • Further reabsorption is under hormonal
    control.
  • By what hormone?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Collecting Duct

A

Part of the nephron
Formed by two or more distal convoluted tubules as they pass through cortex and medulla.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Collecting duct functions

A
  • Final site for concentrating or diluting urine
  • Controls reabsorption of water, Na + , Cl - , and urea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hormones produced by the kidney

A

Renin
Erythropoietin
1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3
Prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Renin function

A

catalyzes synthesis of angiotensin
causes vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Erythropoietin function

A

acts on erythroid progenitor cells in bone marrow, increasing number of red blood cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cause of increasing number of red blood cells

A

low oxygen levels (high elevation) or tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 function

A

determines phosphate and calcium balance/bone calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Organs involved in determining phosphate and calcium balance/bone calcification

A

intestine, kidney, and bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Prostaglandins function

A

increase renal blood flow, sodium and water excretion, and renin release.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Prostaglandins function

A

increase renal blood flow, sodium and water excretion, and renin release.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does an increase renal blood flow, sodium and water excretion, and renin release do?

A

Oppose renal vasoconstriction (vasodilation) - increases renal blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hormonal control of renal function (H2O)

A
  • Increased plasma osmolality or decreased intervascular volume stimulates secretion of ADH from posterior pituitary
  • ADH increases permeability of distal convoluted
    tubules and collecting ducts to water, causing
    increased water absorption.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hormonal control of renal function (Electrolyte)

A
  • Na+ : controlled primarily by renin–angiotensin– aldosterone hormonal system; excreted from kidneys
    * Cl- passively reabsorbed as a counter-ion
  • Potassium: reabsorbed and excreted by distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts; excretion controlled by aldosterone
27
Q

Inhibit ADH

A

Caffeine

28
Q

Other functions of the kidney

A

Urea
Creatine
Uric acid
Acid-base balance

29
Q

Other functions of the kidney (Urea)

A

Filtered by glomerulus and
reabsorbed in collecting ducts

30
Q

Other functions of the kidney (Creatine)

A

Filtered by glomerulus

31
Q

Where does creatine come from?

A

ATP

32
Q

Other functions of the kidney (Uric acid)

A

Readily filtered by glomerulus
Uric acid - waste product - bad (insoluble)

33
Q

Build up of uric acid

A

liver damage - could cause gout due to hyperuricemia

34
Q

Monitoring renal function

A

GFR
Beta 2 microglobulin
Albuminuria

35
Q

GFR biomarker

A

Creatine is a bio marker for?

36
Q

Beta 2 -microglobulin

A
  • Used to assess tubular function in renal transplant patients.
  • Blood and urine β 2 -m tests may be ordered to distinguish between glomerular and tubular defects.
37
Q

Why is Beta 2 -microglobulin used to assess tubular function in renal transplant patients?

A

Elevated levels indicate organ rejection.

38
Q

Elevated levels of Beta 2-microglobulin indicate?

A

organ rejection

38
Q

Elevated levels of Beta 2-microglobulin indicate?

A

organ rejection

39
Q

What is used to monitor diabetes mellitus? How do most diabetics die?

A

Albuminuria
Liver damage - cannot filter stuff

40
Q

How many mg of albumin to diagnose albuminuria?

A

For a 24-hour urine collection, 30 to 300 mg of albumin

41
Q

Glomerular Disease

A

Acute glomerulonephritis
Chronic glomerulonephritis

42
Q

What prevents big things from getting into the tubules - kidneys?

A

Glomerulus

43
Q

Acute glomerulonephritis

A

Glomerular Disease
- Large, inflamed glomeruli with a
decreased capillary lumen - increased blood pressure
- Rapid onset of hematuria and
proteinuria

44
Q

Albuminuria solutions

A

Dialysis
Kidney transplant

45
Q

Diabetic Kidney Disease

A

15% of Americans are estimated to have

46
Q

Why do 9/10 likely don’t know they have diabetic kidney disease?

A

Unknown symptom (peeing a lot)

47
Q

How is DKD diagnosed?

A

Albumin protein

48
Q

Dialysis is required if patients progress to from

A

Diabetic Kidney Disease to ESRD

49
Q

Amphibolic
- Allows transition from a fed state to a fasting state
-GH plateaus in young adult life

A

Growth Hormone

50
Q

Genetic disease resulting in excess GH

A

Acromegaly

51
Q

How is acromegaly diagnosed?

A

Oral glucose test

52
Q

Produces oxytocin & vasopressin

A

Posterior Pituitary

53
Q

Regulates free water excretion and balance.
Deficiency can lead to diabetes.

A

Vasopressin

54
Q

Signs of diabetes

A

Polyuria and polydipsia

55
Q

Produces two hormones: Thyroid and Calcitonin

A

Thyroid Gland

56
Q

The thyroid hormone synthesizes this

A

Iodine - oxidized and bound with tyrosyl resides on thyroglobulin

57
Q

Two active forms of thyroid hormone

A

T3 - 75-80% comes from T4
T4

58
Q

Three major binding protein

A

TBG
TBPA
Albumin

59
Q

Hyperthyroidism
High free T4 and/or T3
Undetectable TSH

A

Grave’s Disease

60
Q

Hypothyroidism
High TSH with low T4

A

Hashimoto

61
Q

Produces steroid hormones and neuropeptides

A

Adrenal Gland

62
Q

All adrenal steroids are derived from

A

Cholesterol

63
Q

Only free cholesterol can enter steroidogenic pathway in response to

A

ACTH from pituitary

PCOL 390 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions