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Khrushchev depth study > Khrushchev's policies > Flashcards

Khrushchev's policies Flashcards

1
Q

by how much did Khrushchev increase the number of schools by?

A

he doubled the amount of schools in town and cities

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2
Q

how much did he increase the number of teaches by, and by how much did the proportion of them having uni education increase?

A

the number of teachers rose from 1.5 million in 1953 to 2.2 in 1964. the proportion of teachers with uni ed increased from 19% to 40% in 1964

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3
Q

by how much did the proportion of 17 year olds who completed secondary school increase by?

A

it rose from only 20% in 1953 to 75% in 1959

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4
Q

how did he make education more affordable?

A

he abolished secondary school and uni fees in 1956. this was followed in 1959 by the establishment of special funds to help maintain good students afford clothes, footwear, textbooks and school dinners

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5
Q

how did he reform the curriculum in 1956?

A

in 1956, he reintroduced polytechnic education because he needed more skilled workers as a result of his increased light industry. the % of curriculum time spent for practical training increased by 20% from 1947 to 1959

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6
Q

how did he reform education in 1958/59

A
  • made education compulsory for children aged 7 to 15
  • required schools to offer 11 year programmes rather than 10 year so kids stayed until they were 19
  • made kids aged 16-19 complete their education in school and local factories and farms
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7
Q

how much did the healthcare budget rise by?

A

doubled in the first 5 years

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8
Q

how did the increased healthcare budget help infant mortality and death rates?

A
  • 81 per 1000 infant mortality rate in 1950 to 27 per 1000 in 1965
  • death rate = 9.7 per thousand in 1950 to 7.3 per thousand in 1965
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9
Q

how much did the pension budget rise by?

A

the budget doubled because he expanded the number of people eligible and made them worth double the amount

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10
Q

which social policies in 1961 increased the public/welfare state

A
  • free public transport
  • free lunches in schools, offices and factories
  • full pensions and healthcare for farmers
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11
Q

what type of housing did K focus on

A

-low cost buildings and houses in order for it to reach everyone. called ‘Krushchyovka’. although, this meant that families could speak more freely about the regime as they had private housing

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12
Q

what was legalised in 1955

A

abortion

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13
Q

how were women’s lives bettered under Khrushchev?

A

-1956 - several national womens magazines introduced e.g., peasant women worker
-1955 - abortion legalised
1956 - paid maternity leave increased from 77 days to 112

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14
Q

how did Khrushchev treat religion

A
  • KGB closed many churches - number of orthodox churches reduced from 8000 in 1958 to 5000 in 1964
  • roman catholic monasteries closed in 1959
  • first women in space said that her trip in space led to the victory of atheism
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15
Q

what things did khrushchev do in the thaw

A

-disbanded gulags and released 1 million prisoners early on
-created new ‘science cities’ where scholars could conduct research with substantial resources and access to info - Akademgorodok
-sent prisoners home with amnesty
allowed authors like Solzhenitsyn to publish their works which discredited stalin

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16
Q

what else did K change in his 1958 education reforms

A
  • Ensured that the most academically gifted students would be given places at special schools that focused on academic education
  • Introduced a new course, the ‘fundamentals of political knowledge’ for all 15-year olds to teach them Marxism.
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17
Q

what wider policy did K’s final edu reforms aim to aid

A

de-stalinisation

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18
Q

what did his final educational reforms include?

A
  • removal of stalinist discipline such as sitting and standing procedures
  • 1961 - new emphasis on learning languages, rejection of stalin’s cultural isolation
  • removed requirement of setting h/w
  • replaced final exams, introduced by stalin in 30s, with continuous assessments
  • 1962, teachers lost right to expel students who weren’t achieving
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19
Q

how popular were his educational reforms?

A
  • His reforms were unpopular and a failure. They were unpopular because most parents wanted their children to get an academic education rather than a practical one. This view was particularly present with communist party members.
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20
Q

why were the educational reforms a failure?

A
  • They were a failure because they were never fully implemented. By 1962, when schools were supposed to offer programmes that took students up to the age of 19, only 65% of schools had complied with the government’s regulations. The slackening of discipline was also ignored by teachers, who continued to set homework and insist on sitting and standing procedures. Also, curriculum reforms were only implemented in 47% of schools
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21
Q

how were the educational reforms successful?

A
  • The most successful aspects of Khrushchev’s reforms were those that improved education for the academic elite which were welcomed by party officials. The number of special schools increased dramatically e.g., Academic schools increased from 5 to 24 from 1959 to 1966 and so did art and sculpture schools which increased from 5 to 50.
22
Q

was the Virgin land scheme a failure?

A
  • Grain harvest was 30% higher in 1958 than the last year and almost 70% higher than the average in the years 1949-53
  • although, this was short lived and the bureaucratic inefficiency of the programme led to problems like the wrong fertiliser being delivered.
  • Soviet farms also had inadequite storage facilities, leading to wasted food
23
Q

what were the economic policies of Khrushchev?

A
  • abolished the machine and tractor stations (MTS)
  • Virgin land scheme
  • higher prices for agricultural goods
  • reformed the ministries dealing with agriculture
  • investment in fertilisers and farm equipment
  • increase in salaries for agricultural workers
  • 7 year plan - light industry
24
Q

what were the successes of these economic reforms

A
  • harvest was 30% higher in 1958 than the previous year and almost 70% higher than the average for 1949-53
  • Farm incomes increased 250% between 1952-1956
  • 40% increase in fertilizer produced
  • 30% increase in number of tractors available.
  • Production of chemicals and consumer goods increased between 1959-65
  • 60% increase in the production of consumer goods
  • Military spending decreased from 12.1% of GDP in 1955 to 9.1% in 1958.
25
Q

what were the failures of these economic reforms?

A
  • due to abolition of MTS, farm workers had less access to modern farming equipment
  • centrally directed campaign failed as they did not reflect local conditions e.g., maize production
  • didn’t always deliver correct fertiliser
  • reform of ministries led to administrative confusion
  • lack of storage facilities led to food wasted
  • investment in agriculture reduced from 12.8% in 1959 to 2% in 1960
  • forced to increase military spending due to cold war
  • increase in consumer goods was 7.5% below K’s target
26
Q

how did he democratise the communist party?

A

-increased party membership from 6.9 million to 11 million

27
Q

how many people were killed at Novocherkaask 1962?

A

22

28
Q

how many ‘counter-revolutionaries’ were in Gulags by 1960?

A

estimated around 11,000

29
Q

what was an example of de-centralisation?

A

-reintroduced the ‘sovnarkhozy’ in 1957 which had been disbanded by Stalin in 1932 after being first introduced in 1917. it decentralised economic control to regional councils

30
Q

what stalinist law did Khrushchev change to do with factory workers

A

-he decriminalised being absent from work

31
Q

what was the working hours per day under Khrushchev?

A

he made it 7 hours a day, which compares to Stalin’s 72 hour week during the war

32
Q

how many orthodox churches were left by 1960?

A

7500

33
Q

what decree allowed people to return to their homelands?

A

-the 1957 decree on the ‘Rehabilitation of Deported People’ allowed many groups who had been deported during the war to return to their homelands

34
Q

how did Khrushchev try to appear democratic?

A

introduced ‘comrade courts’ which were led by ordinary party members to deal with minor offences committed by other members of the party

35
Q

how did the cold war have an impact on Khrushchev’s domestic aims?

A
  • high levels of investment into the military were needed for the arms race with the U.S
  • this came to the detriment of the consumer goods and agricultural industry
36
Q

what is a good stat for showing the development of consumer goods?

A

-the number of washing machines per thousand rose from 1 to 77 under Khrushchev

37
Q

how did the relationship between russia and China deteriorate?

A
  • the policy of peaceful-coexistence led the Chinese to accuse the Russians of revisionism
  • Khrushchev withdrew military support from China in 1958 when they needed it in Taiwan
38
Q

what did Khrushchev do which was similar to nicholas and stalin?

A

-by creating a USSR defense council, led by himself, he was effectively the commander in chief after Zhukov’s removal

39
Q

how was travelling liberalised?

A

Stalin had permitted few tourists into the USSR and had allowed few people to travel out. Khrushchev let over 2 million soviet citizens to travel abroad between 1957 and 1961, 700,000 of whom visited the west. he also allowed foreigners to visit the USSR

40
Q

shortly after Khrushchev allowed Solzhenitsyn’s book to be published, how was Khrushchev against the liberalisation of the arts?

A
  • in december 1962, Khrushchev, while visiting an art exhibition, was angered by the avant-garde works, saying that ‘a donkey could smear better art with its tail’
  • this is later known as the Manege affair
  • although, no one was arrested
41
Q

what was the extent of political prosecutions?

A

at most there were only several hundred throughout his premiership although political dissidents had other punishments such as loss of jobs or expulsion from the party

42
Q

what were some of Khrushchev’s agricultural aims?

A

-in 1959, Khrushchev announced that he wanted to overtake the U.S in the production of meat, milk and butter

43
Q

why did the Novocherkassk strikes occur?

A

in june 1962, food prices were raised, particularly on meat and butter, by 25-30%

44
Q

how was culture liberalised?

A
  • in 1956, an agreement was made between the US and USSR to be able to publish and distribute the US-produced Amerika magazine in the USSR
  • in July 1957, the 6th World Festival of Youth and Students was held in Moscow (34,000 people from 130 countries)
  • 1962, Khrushchev personally approved the first uncensored publication about Gulag labor camps
45
Q

how was western consumerism encouraged?

A
  • the liberal view of consumerism was brought to the USSR in 1959 with the American National Exhibition going to Moscow with the aim of displaying US prosperity.
  • an estimated over 20 million Soviet citizens viewed the 23 U.S exhibitions over 30 years
46
Q

how was housing seen as part of the thaw?

A
  • the seven year plan was launched in 1958 and promised to build 12 million city apartments and 7 million rural houses
  • this would give soviet citizens greater privacy and thus the reduction in fear over people informing the authorities of your beliefs
47
Q

how was Khrushchev’s foreign policy part of the thaw?

A
  • K conceded to the ‘Polish October’ in 1956 by allowing the more liberal leader, Gomulka, to stay in charge
  • Khrushchev believed in the policy of ‘peaceful coexistence’ with the west (change from Stalin), and showed this by attending peace conferences such as the Geneva Summit and by travelling internationally such as his trip to the USA in 1959
48
Q

what other events contributed towards the thaw

A
  • 1961 - Stalin’s body removed from Lenin’s mausoleum
  • 1963 - Tereshkova became first women in space
  • Stalingrad renamed Volgograd
49
Q

what foreign policy actions reversed the thaw?

A
  • the Hungarian uprising was brutally crushed, resulting in over 2,500 hungarians dead.
  • the U2 incident and the subsequent cancelling of the summit with Eisenhower questioned the policy of peaceful coexistence
  • the building of the Berlin wall 1961
50
Q

what did K say in a speech which reversed the thaw in culture?

A

in 1963, he gave a speech which reversed some of his liberal reforms regarding art and culture. he said that “Society has the right to condemn works which are contrary to the interests of the people”.

51
Q

what event is an example of Stalinist repression still being present

A
  • the Novocherkassk massacre in 1962 was were unarmed protesters on labor strike were fired upon by the Soviet army and KGB officials.
  • more than 200 were arrested, over 20 were killed and 7 people were sentenced to death

Khrushchev depth study (1 decks)

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