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russia - depth study > khrushchev > Flashcards

khrushchev Flashcards

1
Q

what role was Malenkov given after Stalins death

A
  • a role combined with being party secretary and chairman of the council of minister
  • was forced to resign as others feared his growing power
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2
Q

who was apart of collective leadership

A
  • Khrushchev as party secretary
  • molotov as foreign minister
  • beria as head of MVD
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3
Q

who did Khrushchev appoint into the important jobs

A
  • his supporters
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4
Q

why was Beria executed

A
  • accused on anti-state activities
  • expressed strong anti-stalinist views e.g. denounced purges
  • these activities concerned those in the Collective Leadership
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5
Q

what were the divisions within the collective leadership

A
  • malenkov and molotov wanted to change collectivisation,reduce taxes and focus more on consumer goods
  • khrushchev wanted a focus on consumer goods but less change
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6
Q

what did khrushchev launch in 1954

A
  • virgin land scheme
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7
Q

what helped khrushchev emerge as a leader

A

the virgin lands scheme initial success

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8
Q

who replaced Malenknov in 1955

A
  • Bulganin who was a close ally of khrushchev and was controlled by him
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9
Q

what was the anti-party group 1957 and who was in it

A
  • a coup from some members in the presidium to remove Khrushchev
  • particularly after his secret speech
  • included, Malenkov molotov and kaganovich
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10
Q

how did Khrushchev defeat the anti-party group

A
  • argued only the central committee could remove him
  • had support of Marshall Zhukov
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11
Q

what happened to the members of the anti party group

A
  • removed and sent to new positions away from Moscow
  • Malenkov became minister for power stations
  • molotov became ambassador to mongolia
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12
Q

why is it significant that khrushchev didn’t execute the members of the anti party group

A
  • shows a change in the way things were under stalin
  • supporting the secret speech with action, by not using violent methods to repress opposition
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13
Q

how were supporters of Khrushchev against the anti-party group rewarded

A
  • given seats in the presidium
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14
Q

how did Khrushchev gain individual control

A
  • dismissed Marshall Zhukov in 1957 after being accused of creating a cult centred around him and his control of the army was feared by Khrushchev
  • forced Bulganin to resign from being the premier by Khrushchev in 1958 as he was suspected of sympathising with the Anti-party group
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15
Q

why did Khrushchev remove Beria

A
  • part of de-Stalinisation
  • removed police powers and the Gulag system
  • highlighted the thaw of repression, lessening
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16
Q

how did the presidium denounce Stalin’s purges

A
  • an official denouncement in a closed session with just party delegates
  • this was the secret speech
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17
Q

what did the secret speech include

A
  • criticisms of Stalin for purges, terror, gulags, poor organisation for WW2 and being disliked by Lenin
  • e.g. of the 139 members of the party central committee 70% were shot during the ‘great terror’
  • showed letters from Lenin that were against Stalin
  • said Stalin used a globe instead of a detailed map to plan Russia’s attack in WW2
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18
Q

in what ways was the secret speech accepted

A
  • many were pleased to see communism distance from Stalin’s actions
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19
Q

in what ways was the secret speech seen as being restrained

A
  • ## included a selective list of victims of Stalin e.g. didn’t include Trotsky and none of the deaths before the 1930’s
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20
Q

why was the secret speech in ways restrained

A
  • didn’t want to ruin the reputation of the communist party so therefore blamed the terror on one individual
  • the amount of support Stalin had
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21
Q

how would the secret speech be seen as extreme and shocking

A
  • attacked Stalin who was massively feared
  • went against previous beliefs of the communist party under Stalin
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22
Q

what year was the secret speech

A

february 1956

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23
Q

what areas of Stalins rule did Khrushchev not attack

A
  • economic controls
  • strong leadership
  • control over citizens
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24
Q

how did democracy change under Khrushchev

A
  • greater democracy and participation
  • focus on the party not one individual
  • citizens still had no say who was in the central committee or ran their country
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25
Q

how did membership in the party increase from 1956-1964

A

7 million to 11 million

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26
Q

there were less working class members in the party under Khrushchev
true or false

A

false

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27
Q

what was part of decentralisation

A
  • the party was split into rural and urban sections
  • local soviets role was increased
  • new courts made for minor offences
  • visited local towns and therefore had first hand contact with the people
  • secret police had less of a role (mainly under the fall of Beria), and were put under control of the party
  • political crimes became less oppressed, some prisoners were freed
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28
Q

how was there no change in the system of government under Khrushchev

A
  • still used force to distinguish opposition e.g. Beria and members of the Anti-party group
  • although theres now a focus on the party, Khrushchev chose who was in the party
  • no representation of the peasantry or other civilians in the soviet union
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29
Q

how did WW2 affect industry and the economy as a whole

A
  • destroyed 70% of the industrial capacity
  • reduced workforce
  • had to now control and tackle it’s new satellite states it gained during the war
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30
Q

what was the Cominform

A
  • the communist information bureau
  • made in 1947
  • established soviet control over all communist parties
  • counter western propaganda
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31
Q

what was the Comecon

A
  • the council for mutual economic assistance
  • made in 1949 to coordinate the economic growth of countries inside the soviet bloc
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32
Q

what did Stalin refuse for those in the soviet bloc to take

A
  • Marshall aid
  • this was financial aid offered by the US in 1947 to assist European economic recovery
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33
Q

why did a cold war start to build between the USSR and the USA

A
  • after WW2 the USSR had communist governments in the satellite states which were occupied in the east of Europe
  • this created tensions between the communist east (soviet bloc) and the capitalist west which was headed by the USA
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34
Q

why were 2 5 plans created in the years 1946-1955

A
  • to re-build the economy and industry
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35
Q

what was the aim of the 1946-50 plan

A
  • to catch up with the USA
  • rebuild heavy industry and transport
36
Q

how was the 1946-50 plan carried out

A
  • use of reparations from East Germany
  • long hours, low wages and high targets
  • use of female labour on ‘grand projects’ - canals and HEP plants
37
Q

what were the results of the 1946-50 plan

A
  • became 2nd in the world to USA in industrial capacity
  • production doubled
  • urban workforce increased from 67 million in 1941 to 77 million in 1952
38
Q

what were the aims of the 1951-55 plan

A
  • development of heavy industry and transport under Stalin
  • 1953 Malenkov took over and switched focus to consumer goods, housing and services
39
Q

what were the results of the 1951-55 plan

A
  • national income increased by 71%
40
Q

what problems did Khrushchev try to correct

A
  • ministers in Moscow were disorganised and set different targets as there was no cohesion and not enough ministers
  • no incentive for workers to produce more as if their targets were reached they were then increased the next year
41
Q

what changes were made by Khrushchev

A
  • abolished 60 Moscow ministries which were replaced by the creation of 105 economic regions, this gave Khrushchev more support in local areas
  • the 1959 seven year plan which was replaced by a seven year plan in 1961
42
Q

what industrial changes did Khrushchev make

A
  • expansions on chemical industry (housing products and food), retail including food went from 50.2 million roubles produced in 1955 to 104.8 millions of roubles produced in 1965
  • new flats of prefabricated materials
  • more consumer goods produced
  • modernisation of power e.g. went from 291 million tonnes of coal to 578 tonnes (1955 to 65)
  • railways
  • space
43
Q

what advances were made in terms of space

A
  • 1957 the first satellite (sputnik) was launched and a dog was put into space
44
Q

what was money put into to help trade in Russia

A
  • the Aeroflot company which was subsidised by the state to offer cheap air travel
45
Q

what problems existed for industry under Khrushchev

A
  • decentralisation made the system too complicated and bureaucratic
  • still severe limitations to living standards
  • focus on armaments and the space race meant a decline in growth of the economy e.g. 10% per year in 1958 to 7.5% per year in 1964
  • consumer industries have 2% growth in 1964
46
Q

what problems did Stalin have in agriculture in 1946-53

A
  • WW2 led to many crops, farms and animals being destroyed
  • 2/3 of the agriculture force had gone due to the worst drought in 1946 since 1891 famine
  • 1945 harvest produced 60% less of pre war levels
47
Q

what changes concerning agriculture did Khrushchev implement

A
  • reduced the ministry of Agriculture’s powers more power to the local party
  • encouraged peasants to produce more by:
    -prices paid for state grain and other goods was raised (grain prices rose to 25 per cent between 1953-56)
    -quotas were reduced, taxes reduced and playable by plot size
    -collectives could set their own target
    -more farms connected to electricity
    -encouragement to merge and create collectives
    -new crops (maize)
    -tax reduced
48
Q

what was the aim of the virgin land scheme and how successful was it

A
  • increase production in cultivated areas e.g. West Siberia and North Kazakhstan
  • initial success in 1953
  • propaganda was used to get farmers to work on the farms
  • the Komomsol (youth movement) helped build roads and fences etc.
  • by 1956 nearly 36 million hectares had been ploughed for wheat
  • bad harvest in 1963 led to them having to import grain as bad weather conditions, little to no crop rotation and erosion causing the soil to be infertile
49
Q

in general how successful were the agricultural polices

A
  • cereal production went from 82 million tonnes produced in 1952 to 132 in 1961-64
  • meat went from 5.2 in 1952 to 9.1 in 1961-64
  • milk went from 36 in 1952 to 63 in 1961-64
50
Q

what were the problems with Khrushchev’s agricultural policies

A
  • farmers spent more time on their private lands
  • state officials kept altering the prices so farmers couldn’t plan ahead and the amount of contribution from the party was frustrating
  • too few farmers were capable of working the technology effectively
  • too much focus on growing maize
51
Q

what social problems existed under the Stalin

A
  • peasants earned 20% less than industrial workers
  • shortages of food, houses and consumer goods
  • long hours of work, 12 hours
  • high targets set
  • women expected to work in industrial factories and have domestic duties
52
Q

how did Khrushchev change social conditions

A
  • greater focus and avaliability of consumer goods
  • some foreign imports of cosmetics and fashion were allowed
  • partially improved housing crisis by new prefabricated and modern housing built
  • conscriptions to the state were abolished, tax for bachelors and childless couples removed and an increase in pensions
  • 40 hour working week, higher wages for the lowest paid and more power for trade unions
  • higher standard for education
53
Q

how did production of washing machines change from 1955 to 1966

A

-1 washing machine owned per 1000 people in 1955 changed to 77 in 1966

54
Q

what social problems still existed under Khrushchev

A
  • unequal society as better healthcare, luxuries and holiday access availiable to those higher up politically
  • only party officials could afford cars
  • living standards still below those in the west
55
Q

what changes were made to censorship and social life

A
  • reading foreign literature, radio broadcasts were allowed
  • media showcased Russian talent abroad e.g. in the Moscow state circus
  • intourist was created by Khrushchev to increase foreigners to visit Russia
56
Q

what was the world festival of youth

A

-in 1957 34,000 people from 131 countries visited Moscow

57
Q

why did the world festival of youth create problems

A
  • it put russian youths in contact with westerners which was partiuclarary linked with a rise in opposition from the youth e.g. students boycotted lectures
58
Q

what changes were made by Khrushchev in terms of culture

A
  • greater acceptance of the arts and individual expression
    -some new publications which criticised Stalin but not communism itself e.g. one day in the life of ivan denisovich which was about life in a gulag
59
Q

what limitations still remained on publications

A
  • those criticising the soviet or communism itself were not allowed
60
Q

how were the churches repressed under Khrushchev

A
  • children couldn’t attend church services or be taught christianity
  • 22,000 churches and monasteries in 1959 to 8000 in 1965
  • pilgrimages banned
61
Q

how were ethnic minorities treated under Khrushchev

A
  • promoted single common language
  • disliked idea of independence
  • refused to let jewish people have their schools
    refused to let Jewish people move to a new state of israel which was created after WW2
62
Q

what was the cultural dissidents

A
  • a group which used the new relaxation of the arts to criticise Khrushchev over issues such as democracy
63
Q

how were publications used to oppose Khrushchev

A
  • some writers published abroad e.g. Boris Pasternak often circulated back to Russia
  • sometimes printing was illegally given out at night
  • the youngest society of geniuses was an underground society that published journals
64
Q

how did poetry oppose Khrushchev

A
  • readings were heard in squares in Moscow by students some were arrested in 1961 and sent to prison as content was too critical of the regime
65
Q

how did magazines oppose Khrushchev

A
  • some publishers and editors were punished for subversive behaviour e.g. Alexander Ginsburg was sent to labour camps for complaints about rights
  • in 1961 130,000 people were arrested for writing publications that criticised the government
66
Q

how was how Khrushchev dealt with political opposition different to Stalin

A
  • more lenient
  • less imprisoned and many were released for political crimes
  • by 1956 up to 9 million were released from gulags
  • however by 1960 about 2 million had returned to the gulags
67
Q

what was a success that came from the Austrian State Treaty 1955

A
  • Russia showed support for Austria to gain independence in return for their neutrality and co-operation with the west
68
Q

what policy did Khrushchev claim to follow in terms of the cold war with the west

A
  • peaceful co-existence
  • greater use of negotiation and trade agreements
69
Q

what was the Hungarian uprising in 1956 and how did Khrushchev deal with it

A
  • Hungary hoped for greater independence through destalinisation
    -Khrushchev had a firm stance using armed forces and tanks to defeat the rebels
70
Q

why was the Berlin wall formed in 1961 and how did the Russian people react

A
  • Khrushchev had demanded that the west remove themselves from berlin as it was in Russia’s section of germany
  • Kennedy refused and the wall was built
  • stopped people from fleeing and fear of spies
  • many were impressed by the strong action
71
Q

what was the cuban missile crisis in 1962

A
  • the USA discovered the Khrushchev was supplying nuclear weapons to Cuba
  • they ordered Soviet ships to turn back when heading for the island
  • the ships then withdrew
72
Q

what negotiations were made during the cuban missile crisis

A
  • Khrushchev negotiated with Kennedy and agreed for the USA to remove their nuclear weapons from Turkey
73
Q

what were criticisms of peaceful coexistence

A
  • some thought it to be against communist principles and didn’t encourage the spread of communism
  • China (Mao) believed this
74
Q

why did Khrushchev and Mao’s alliance stop

A
  • Russia withdrew support from China’s atomic bomb in 1959
  • siding with India in the Sino-indian war
    -mao didn’t like the secret speech as it criticised Stalin
75
Q

what were criticisms of the Hungarian uprising

A
  • it is claimed that it was Khrushchev’s leniency that encouraged the uprising
  • the harsh treatment of the rebels particularly in Budapest damaged the reputation of communism as it was seen as violent and oppressive
76
Q

how were Khrushchev’s actions with foreign relations seen overall

A
  • inconsistent as they were both peaceful and aggressive
  • a more definitive gap between Russia and the west by 1964
77
Q

what happened in April 1964

A
  • Khrushchev had been given the ‘Hero of the Soviet union’ award
  • shortly after he was removed from the coup
78
Q

what happened in October 1964

A
  • Khrushchev was told to return from his holiday in Georgia
  • was then met with many criticisms from the Presidium by Brezhnev in a meeting
  • he agreed to sign a letter of resignation the following day
79
Q

what were the public told was the reason for Khrushchev’s resignation

A
  • due to age and ill health through the radio and Pravada (newspaper)
80
Q

how did Khrushchevs personality and style of rule result in his fall from power in 1964

A
  • accused of a one man style by removing ministers in the 1950s
  • an over-bearing attitude
  • embarrassing and flamboyant behaviour e.g. banging his shoe on the table at the UN general assembly
  • creating his own cult of personality
  • nepotism - advancing his son-in-law e.g. had a direct telephone line to Khrushchev’s office
81
Q

how did decentralisation lead to the fall of Khrushchev

A
  • creation of 105 economic councils and power to local party members lost the central party members power
  • the policy of the central committee be renewed at every election threatened their influence
82
Q

how did agriculture lead to Khrushchev’s fall from power

A
  • the failure of the virgin land scheme, bad harvest in 1963 led to them having to import grain
  • claimed to be an agricultural expert
83
Q

how did industry lead to the fall of Khrushchev

A
  • some disliked a lack of focus on heavy industry
  • often a shortage of consumer goods to meet demands
84
Q

how did the military lead to the fall of Khrushchev

A
  • disliked that less money was spent on weapons and too much on nuclear weapons
85
Q

how did Khrushchev’s foreign policy lead to his fall

A
  • criticised for relations with the USA and the Cuban missile crisis and relations with China

russia - depth study (3 decks)

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