Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology of Drugs KHIO > KHIO 2 > Flashcards

KHIO 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of drug is Nexium?

A

Esomeprazole: proton pump inhibitor used to treat GERD, reduce NSAID related gastric ulcers, eradicate H. pylori and treats conditions causing gastric acid hyper secretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

MOA of Nexium?

A

Esomeprazole: binds to H+/K+ ATPase (proton pumps) in gastric parietal cells

  • Blockage of acid secretion
  • Antisecretory effect lasts longer than 24 hrs due to irreversible binding of esomeprazole to H+/K+ ATPase (new enzymes need to be expressed to resume acid secretion)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Indications for Nexium?

A

Acid Reflux Disorders (healing and maintaining):

  • erosive esophagitis
  • GERD
  • peptic ulcer disease
  • NSAID gastrointestinal bleeds
  • H. Pylori eradication
  • long term hyposecretory conditions eg. Zollinger Ellison Syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Contraindications of Nexium

A

Hypersensitive to benzimidazoles or any of it’s components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adverse effects of Nexium?

A
  • Headaches
  • Diarrhea
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Stomach pain
  • Gas
  • Constipation
  • Rash
  • Drowsiness
  • Nervousness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of drug is tropicamide?

A

Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist: induces mydraisis and cycloplegia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

MOA of Tropicamide?

A

Non selective muscarinic antagonist:
binds to all subtypes of muscarinic receptors
(including CB)

  • relaxes the pupillary sphincter muscle
  • cause pupil dilation
  • prevents accomodation (inhibits parasympathetic drive, allowing sympathetic nervous system to dominate)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Indications of Tropicamide?

A
  • Induce mydriasis (dilation of pupil)

- Cycloplegia (paralysis of ciliary muscles in eye) for diagnostic procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Contraindications of Tropicamide?

A
  • Hypersensitivity

- Narrow Angle Glaucoma (ACG attack)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Adverse Effects of Tropicamide?

A
  • Stinging
  • Dry Mouth
  • Blurred Vision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of drug is Methotrexate?

A

It is known as Methoblastin. Used typically for RA, cancer and psoriasis.

-Antimetabolite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Precautions or Contraindications with Methotrexate?

A
  • Not to be used daily
  • Use cautiously with NSAIDs

Contraindications:

  • renal dysfunction
  • active infectious disease
  • liver disease
  • excessive consumption of alcohol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

MOA of Methotrexate?

A

Metabolised to methotrexate polyglutamate

-inhibits enzymes involved in nucleotide synthesis = reduces cell devision

-RA: AICART is inhibited and accumulated
>adenosine deaminase inhibition
>adenosine triphosphate accumulation >adenosine receptors stimulated = anti-inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Adverse Effects of Methotrexate?

A

Ocular:

  • ocular pain
  • blurred vision
  • peri-orbital oedema
  • photophobia
  • blepharitis
  • NAION
  • conjunctivitis
  • reduced reflex tear secretion

Systemic:

  • dizziness
  • headaches
  • swollen/tender gums
  • hyperaemia
  • hair loss
  • mouth ulcers
  • loss of appetite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Type of drug: Premarin

A

Estrogen: reduces symptoms of menopause like hot flushes/night sweats/urogenital atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

MOA of Premarin?

A

Conjugated estrogen: agonist for alpha and beta estrogen receptors

Estrogen modulates pituitary secretion of luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) through negative feedback
-levels of these hormones are elevated during menopause, so estrogen helps to reduce these levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Indications for Premarin?

A
  • Menopausal symptoms

- prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis (high risk of fractures/other tx not appropriate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Contraindications of Premarin?

A
  • Breast Cancer (estrogen dependant tumours)
  • Hx of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)
  • Cerebrovascular coronary artery disease
  • Severe liver disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Side Effects of Premarin?

A
  • DED
  • Breast enlargement/tenderness
  • abnormal mammogram
  • Headaches
  • Depression
  • Bleeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Type of Drug: Alcaine?

A

Local (ophthalmic) anaesthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

MOA of Alcaine?

A

Reversibly binds and inhibits neuronal transmembrane voltage gated sodium channels
>inhibit nerve conduction
>reversible block of conduction through nerve fibres = local aneasthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Indications of Alcaine?

A
  • Short term ocular surface anaesthesia <20mins

- Short procedures: FB removal/corneal or conj scraping for diagnostic culture/tonometry/gonioscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Contraindications of Alcaine?

A
  • hypersensitivity
  • eye infection/inflammation
  • overactive thyroid gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Adverse Effects of Alcaine?

A
  • Stinging on instillation
  • Punctate epithelial erosions
  • Diffuse epi. k
  • Hyperaemia/Lacrimation
  • Corneal opacities
  • Corneal ulceration/perforation from misuse
  • Allergic reaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Type of Drug: Liftegrast?

A

Improving signs and symptoms of dry eye with improvement after 2 weeks of usage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

MOA of Liftegrast?

A

Lymphocyte function associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) antagonist

-competitively binds and inhibits LFA-1 from interacting with ligand, intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)
>ICAM-1 over expressed in dry eye

-inhibition of cytokine release
>reducing inflammation and symptoms of dry eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Adverse effects of Liftegrast?

A
  • Irritation
  • Reduced VA
  • Dysgeusia (altered taste)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Type of Drug: Cyclosporin?

A

Immunomodulator: VKC/severe DED/Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

MOA of Cyclosporin?

A

Immunosuppressant

-inihibit interleukin 2
>prevent cytokine production
>reduced T cell mediated inflammation of lacrimal gland

allows for aqueous production = reduce ADDE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Contraindications of Cyclosporin?

A
  • CL cant be worn until 15mins after drops instilled
  • Artificial tears used 15mins after

Contraindicated:

  • sensitivity
  • allergy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Adverse effects of Cyclosporine?

A
  • severe ocular pain
  • stinging/burning
  • swollen eyelids
  • crusting eyelids
  • hyperaemia
  • lacrimation
  • blurred vision
  • FB sensation
  • headaches
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Type of Drug: Olmetec?

A

Angiotension receptor blocker used to treat HT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

MOA of Olmetec?

A

Competitively blocks binding of angiotensin II to type 1 angiotensin receptors
>reduces angiotensin II
>vasoconstriction/sodium resoroption/aldosterone release

Reduce effect of angiotensin II on sympathetic nervous system activities and growth factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Indication of Olmetec?

A
  • Hypertension (px unable to tolerate ACE inhibitors)
  • Heart Failure
  • Diabetic Kidney Disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Contraindication of Olmetec?

A
  • Renal dysfunction
  • Severe hepatic impairment
  • elderly
  • women planning to conceive
  • pregnancy
  • breastfeeding
  • low sodium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Adverse effects of Olmetec?

A
  • coughing
  • light headed
  • HA
  • stomach pain
  • flu symptoms
  • UTI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Type of Drug: Zocor?

A

PRal HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

-lower cholesterol (LDL) production and reduce dyslipidemia associated complications (cardiac/stroke due to artery damage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

MOA of Zocor?

A

-targets biosynthetic pathway of cholesterol production
>inhibits rate limiting step HMG-CoA reductase = decreased cholesterol concentrations

  • inhibits platelet aggregation
  • reduction in inflammation at the site of atherosclerotic plaque
  • improved endothelial function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Indications for Zocor?

A
  • reduce risk of death of coronary artery disease

- familial or non-familial hypercholesterolaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Adverse effects of Zocor?

A
  • gastrointestinal disorders
  • myalgia
  • athralgia
  • upper resp. infections
  • HA
  • abdominal pain
  • constipation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Contraindications of Zocor?

A
  • active liver disease
  • pregnancy/breastfeeding
  • CYP3A4 inhibitors (erythromycin/HIV/cyclosprorin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Type of drug: Lexapro?

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Indications of Lexapro?

A
  • major depressive disorder
  • generalised anxiety disorder
  • obsessive compulsive disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Contraindications of Lexapro?

A
  • blood thinners (warfarin)
  • late pregnancy
  • alcohol
  • NSAIDs (cause bleeding and bruising easily)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

MOA of Lexapro?

A

enhances serotonergic activity by binding to serotonin transporter

-prevents reuptake of serotonin in presynaptic serotonergic neuron
>desensitisation of auto receptors allowing endogenous serotonin release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Adverse effects of Lexapro?

A

Ocular:

  • burred vision
  • tunnel vision
  • haloes around lights
  • eye pain/swelling

Systemic:

  • nausea/vomiting/diarrhea
  • serotonin syndrome: hallucinations/twitching/loss of coordination
  • pain/burning on urination
  • insomnia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What type of drug is Lipitor?

A

Oral antilipemic agent

-reversibly inhibits HMG-CoA reductase to lower total cholestorol
>increasing HDL cholesterol

  • 14 hr half life
  • metabolised in intestine and liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Indications of Lipitor?

A
  • primary hyperlipidemia
  • dyslipidaemia
  • hypertriglyceridemia
  • familial hypercholestorolaemia
  • prevent myocardial infarction, stroke, agina
  • after CVD event
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Contraindications of Lipitor?

A
  • pregnancy
  • liver dysfunctions
  • use of fibric acid derivatives (erythromycin/cyclosporine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

MOA of Lipitor?

A

-competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase
-converts HMG-CoA to mevalonate (rate limiting step in cholesterol production)
-in the liver
>stimulate upregulation of LDL and increase hepatic uptake of LDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Adverse effects of Lipitor?

A

Ocular:

  • ambylopia
  • dry eyes
  • refraction disorder
  • eye haemorrhage
  • glaucoma

Systemic:

  • chest pain
  • infection
  • HA
  • edema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Type of drug: Sumatriptan?

A

Serotonin receptor agonist

-treats migraines and cluster headaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Indications of Sumatriptan?

A
  • migraines with/without auras (12> y/o)

- cluster headache treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Contraindications for Sumatriptan?

A
  • other selective serotonin receptor agonists
  • pregnancy
  • MAO-A inhibitors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

MOA of Sumatriptan?

A

-serotonin 5-HT1B &D. agonist
>constriction of cranial blood vessels

  • inhibits release of pro-inflammatory neuropeptides
  • decreases carotid arterial blood flow
  • increases the velocity of internal and MCA blood flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Adverse effects of Sumatriptan?

A

Ocular:

  • mydraisis
  • accomodation and EOM disorders
  • ocular haemmorrhage
  • eye pain
  • glaucoma
  • ocular edema

Systemic:

  • flushing tingling feeling
  • drowsiness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Type of Drug: Somac?

A

Esomeprazole: proton pump inhibitors

  • treat GERD/peptic ulcers/H.pylori/NSAID related ulcer
  • treat gastric acid hyper secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

MOA of Somac?

A
  • proton pump inhibitor at the basal gastric parietal cells

- bind to H+/K+ ATPase enzyme to inhibit these secretion of acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Indications of Somac?

A
  • healing of gastrointestinal disorders
  • peptic ulcer
  • GERD
  • Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
  • mod-severe reflux
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Contraindications of Somac?

A
  • HIV protease inhibitors

- hypersensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Adverse Effects of Somac?

A
  • headache
  • rash
  • fatigue
  • increased sweating
  • blurred vision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Type of Drug: Cartia?

A

anti platelet drug
-inhibits aggregation of platelet
>irreversibly inhibiting platelet cyclooxyrgenase for platelet lifespan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

MOA of Cartia?

A

COX inihibitor

-reduce synthesis of thromboxane A2 (inducer of platelet aggregation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Indications of Cartia?

A
  • acute coronary syndromes
  • hx of atherosclerosis
  • relief of pain, inflammation, fever
  • prevention of pre-eclampsia in women with moderate-high risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Contraindications of Cartia?

A
  • severe active bleeding

- increased risk of severe bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Adverse effects of Cartia?

A
  • allergy (bronchospasm)
  • GI irritation
  • asymptomatic blood loss and increased time of bleeding
  • SJS/TEN
  • iron deficiency anaemia
  • intracranial haemorrhage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Type of drug: Nurofen?

A

NSAID to relieve symptoms of fever and pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

MOA of Nurofen?

A

nonselective NSAID
-analgesic/antipyretic/anti-inflammatory
-acts on COX receptors
>inhibit synthesis of prostaglandin
>inhibit COX-1 = impaired gastric and anti platelet effects
>anti-inflammatory and analgesic from COX-2 inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Indications for Nurofen?

A
  • fever
  • pain (inflammation)
  • HA
  • symptomatic relief of: RA/JIA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Contraindications of Nurofen?

A
  • coagulation disorders
  • heart failure
  • asthma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Adverse effects of Nurofen?

A
  • GI ulcers/bleeding
  • heart failure
  • renal impairment
  • hypersensitivity reaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What type of drug is Timolol?

A

non-selective beta-blocker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Indications for Timolol?

A
  • closed angle glaucoma

- open angle glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Contraindications of Timolol?

A
  • reactive airway disease (asthma/COPD)
  • CVD conditions (bradycardia, AV block)
  • pregnancy & breastfeeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

MOA of Timolol?

A

-reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous humour production
>blocks beta receptors in the ciliary epithelium

-Duration: 12-24 hours

76
Q

Adverse effects of Timolol?

A
  • stinging on instillation
  • bradycardia
  • blurred vision
  • hypotension
  • fatigue
  • bronchospasm
77
Q

What type of drug is aprachlorodine?

A

alpha 2 selective adrenergic agonist (weak a-1 adrenergic agonist)

78
Q

Indications of Aprachloridine?

A
  • open angle glaucoma (short term)

- before and after laser surgery

79
Q

Contraindications of Aprachloridine?

A
  • allergies

- monoamine oxidase inhibitors/tricyclic antidepressents/sympathomimetics

80
Q

MOA of Aprachloridine?

A
  • enhance aqueous humour uveoscleral outflow
  • decrease aqueous production by vasoconstriction

> decreases IOP

81
Q

Adverse effects of Aprachloridine?

A
  • hyperamia
  • dry mouth
  • HA
  • puritis
82
Q

Type of drug: Prednisolone Acetate?

A
  • corticosteriod to reduce inflammation in eye conditions
  • known as Prednefrin Forte - 1%
  • 1 drop every hour (severe) / 1-2 drops 2-4x daily
83
Q

MOA of Predisolone Acetate?

A

-bind to glucocorticoid receptor
>inhibits pro-inflammatory signals
>local anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects by mediating and changing gene expression

-short duration of action (2-3 hours half life)

84
Q

Indications of Prednisolone Acetate?

A
  • allergy
  • inflammatory conditions of conj and cornea
  • postop inflammation
85
Q

Contraindications of Prednisolone Acetate?

A
  • hypersensitivity

- HSK/FK/untreated infections

86
Q

Precautions with Prednisone Acetate?

A
  • hx/risk of ACG
  • ocular hypertension
  • increase ocular infection due to suppression of immune system
  • children = high IOP risk and cataracts
87
Q

Adverse effects of Prednisolone Acetate?

A
  • ocular hypertension
  • ocular infection
  • delayed corneal healing
  • PSC formation
  • eye irritation
  • dry eye
88
Q

Type of drug: Metformin?

A

-antihyperglycaemic dryg - biguanide

89
Q

MOA of Metformin?

A

-liver to reduce glucose production
>inhibit mitochondrial respiratory chain
>AMPK activation and less insulin resistance

-gut to increase glucose usage

90
Q

Indications for Metformin?

A
  • type 2 diabetes
  • gestational diabetes
  • pre-diabetes
  • management of anti-psychotic weight gain
  • PCOS
91
Q

Contraindications of Metformin?

A
  • less than 60mL/min of creatine clearance
  • impared renal function
  • mod-severe heart failure
  • undergoing major surgery
92
Q

Adverse effects of Metformin?

A
  • nasuea/vomiting/diarrhea
  • anorezia
  • Vit B12 malabsorption
  • lactic acidosis
93
Q

Type of Drug: Atozet?

A

ezetimibe: selective inhibitor of intestinal cholesterol
- HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
- reduce cholesterol levels

94
Q

MOA of Atozet?

A

-localises at the small intestine borders and inhibits absorption of cholesterol
>decreased delivery of intestinal cholesterol

-statin inhibits HMG-CoA reductase enzyme (cholesterol synthesis in the liver
>reduce level of cholesterol produced

95
Q

Indication of Atozet?

A
  • hypercholestorolaemia

- prevention of CBD events

96
Q

Contraindications of Atozet?

A
  • hypersensitivity
  • pregnancy and nursing
  • active liver disease
97
Q

Side effects of Atozet?

A
  • vomiting nausea diarrhoea

- myalgia

98
Q

Type of drug: Micardis

A

angiotensin II receptor antagonists

99
Q

MOA of Micardis?

A

-lower HBP
-selectively blocks angiotensin II binding to angiotensin I receptors
>blocking angiotensin II vasoconstrictor effects

100
Q

Indication of Micardis?

A
  • HT

- prevention of CVD events

101
Q

Contraindications of Micardis?

A
  • pregnancy

- px with renal disease

102
Q

Adverse effects of Micardis?

A
  • upper rest tract infection
  • back pain
  • sinusitis
103
Q

Type of Drug: Janumet?

A

-antidiabetic combination drug

104
Q

MOA of Janumet?

A

-antihyperglycaemic agent with complementary mechanisms

  1. Sitagliptin: DPP-4 inhibitor
    >slows inactivation of hormones like GLP1/GIP
  2. Metformin: anti hyperglycaemic agent
    >decrease hepatic glucose production
    >decrease absorption of glucose in intestines
    >increase uptake of peripheral glucose
105
Q

Indications of Janumet?

A

glycemic control in adults with type 2 DM

106
Q

Contraindications of Janumet?

A
  • Type 1 DM
  • allergy
  • diabetic ketoacidosis
107
Q

Adverse effects of Janumet?

A
  • lactic acidosis (metformin)
  • pancreatis
  • indigestion
  • HA
  • upper resp infection
  • heart failure
108
Q

Type of drug: Perindopril?

A

-angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

109
Q

MOA of Perindopril?

A

-block conversion of angiotensin I to II

-inhibit breakdown of bradykinin
>reduce effects of angiotensin II vasoconstriction/sodium retention/aldosterone release

110
Q

Indications for Perindopril?

A
  • hypertenstion
  • prevention of heart attack
  • chronic heart failure
111
Q

Contraindications of Perindopril?

A

-planning to conceive/pregnancy

Precaution:

  • black/caribbean descent
  • drugs that increase K concentration (cyclosporin)
112
Q

Adverse effects of Perindopril?

A
  • hypotension
  • headache
  • dizziness
  • rash
113
Q

Type of drug: Aspirin?

A

-platelet aggregation inhibitor

114
Q

MOA of Aspirin?

A

inhibit platelet aggregation
-irreversibly inhibits cycloxygenase
>reduce synthesis of thromboxane A2 for life of platelet

115
Q

Indications of Aspirin?

A
  • -relief pain/inflammation/fever
  • hx of atherosclerosis
  • acute coronary syndrome
  • prevention of pre-emclampsia
116
Q

Contraindications of Aspirin?

A
  • allergy
  • aspirin sensitive asthma
  • surgery due to bleeding risk
  • breastfeeding (high doses)
117
Q

Adverse effects of Aspirin?

A
  • GI irritation
  • asymptomatic blood loss
  • SJS/TEN
118
Q

Type of drug: Panadol Oesteo?

A

-analgesic drug

119
Q

MOA of Panadol Oesteo?

A

-inhibition of central prostaglandin synthesis

>modulation of inhibitory descending serotonergic pathways

120
Q

Indications of Panadol Oesteo?

A
  • relief of persistent pain with oesteoathritis

- muscle ache/back aches

121
Q

Contraindications with Panadol oesteo?

A

-allergy

122
Q

Adverse effects of Panadol Oesteo?

A
  • shortness of breath
  • wheezing
  • rash
  • swelling of face
123
Q

Type of drug: Ventolin?

A

-bronchidilator

124
Q

Indications of Ventolin?

A
  • treat and prevent bronchospasm

- asthma/chronic bronchitis/wheezing

125
Q

Contraindications of Ventolin?

A
  • allergy
  • heart problems
  • HBP
  • seizures
126
Q

MOA of Ventolin?

A

-selective beta 2-adrenergic receptor agonist
>short acting

=relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

127
Q

Adverse effects of Ventolin?

A
  • anxiety
  • shaking
  • HA
  • fast heartbeat
128
Q

Type of Drug: Paracetomol?

A

-analgesic

129
Q

MOA of Paracetomol?

A
  • COX inhibitor

- inhibition of central prostaglandin synthesis and modulation of inhibitory descending serotonergic pathways

130
Q

Indications of Paracetomol?

A
  • relief of pain

- mild-mod pain

131
Q

Contraindications of Paracetomol?

A
  • allergy

- heart failure

132
Q

Adverse effects of Paracetomol?

A
  • shortness breath
  • wheezing
  • hypotension
133
Q

Type of drug: Methylprednisolone?

A

corticosteroid

134
Q

Indications of Methylprednisolone?

A
  • athritis
  • severe allergic reactions
  • AAION
  • GCA
  • immune system disorders
  • TED
  • optic neuritis
135
Q

Contraindications of Methylprednisolone?

A
  • systemic fungal infections
  • live/attenuated vaccines

Precautions:

  • allergy
  • glaucoma
  • heart disease
  • DM
  • MG
  • MS and GI disease
136
Q

MOA of Methylprednisolone?

A

-binds to glucocorticoid receptors
>bind to DNA promotor regions
>transcription factors activated
>genes inactivated due to histone deacetylation

  • inhibiting T cell activation
  • facilitating apoptosis of immune cells
137
Q

Adverse effects of Methylprednisolone?

A

Ocular:

  • PSC
  • delayed wound healing
  • increase risk of SIG (steroid induced glauc)
Systemic:-
immunosuppresion
-increased susceptibility to infections
-peptic ulcer
-skin atrophy
138
Q

Type of drug: Prednisolone?

A

-corticosteriod

139
Q

MOA of Prednisolone?

A

-regulating gene expression

>local anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects

140
Q

Indications of Prednisolone?

A

-ocular infections (HK/FK)

Precaution:

  • glauc
  • ocular NSAIDs
141
Q

Adverse effects of Prednisolone?

A
  • ocular hypertension
  • ocular infection
  • delayed corneal healing
  • rebound inflammation (tx stopped abruptly)
  • PSC (long term)
142
Q

What type of drug is: Prednefrin Forte?

A

topical corticosteroid

-prednisolone acetate 1% & phenylephrine hydrochloride 0.12%

143
Q

MOA of Prednefrin Forte?

A

glucocorticoid receptors to affect the inflammatory cascade pathways
>responsible for inhibiting oedema
>reduce capillary dilation and permeability
>inhibiting collagen/fibrin deposition
>decrease lymphocyte/leukocyte migration and function
>reduce VEGF expression

phenylephrine:
-vasoconstrictor to reduce ocular redness

144
Q

Contraindications of Prednefrin Forte?

A
  • untreated active infections (HSK)
  • fungal infections
  • TB
  • hypersensitivity

precautions:
- prolong use (2nd infections of cornea)
- adrenal suppression in children
- pregnancy (shortest course possible)

145
Q

Indications of Prednefrin Forte?

A 
-severe ocular inflammation
>anterior uveitis
>iritis
>iridocyclitis
>scleritis
>post-op inflammation
146
Q

Adverse effects of Prednefrin Forte?

A
  • HA
  • PSC
  • 2nd corneal infection
  • elevated IOP
  • dry eyes
147
Q

Type of Drug: Atropine?

A

-anti-cholinergic

148
Q

MOA of Atropine?

A 
-blockage of muscarinic action of ACh
>relaxation of pupillary sphincter muscles
>ciliary muscles relaxation
>pupil dilation 
>paralysis of accomodation
149
Q

Indications of Atropine?

A
  • mydraisis
  • cycloplegia
  • fundus examination
  • pain relief for uveitis/keratitis
  • reduce progression of myopia
  • treatment of amblyopia
150
Q

Contraindications of Atropine?

A
  • hypersensitivity
  • ACG
  • lenticular sublaxation
  • DM (cant achieve adequate mydraisis)
151
Q

Adverse effects of Atropine?

A
  • photophobia
  • glare
  • stinging on instillation
  • blurry vision
  • transient IOP elevation
152
Q

Type of Drug: Plaquenil?

A

antimalarial

-anti-inflammatory/immunosupppresive effects

153
Q

Indications of Plaquenil?

A
  • RA
  • SLE
  • Malaria
  • JIA
154
Q

Contraindications of Plaquenil?

A
  • maculopathy present
  • allergies to hydroxychloroquine
  • long term therapy in children
  • antipsychotics/anti-infectives/antiarythmatics

Precaution:

  • DM: drug reduces HbA1c = hypoglycaemia
  • toxicity with tamoxifen
155
Q

Adverse effects of Plaquenil?

A
  • blurred vision
  • retinal toxicity (scotoma > foveal damage (bulls eye))
  • vision loss
  • corneal changes
  • photophobia
156
Q

Type of drug: Chlorsig?

A

antimicrobial

157
Q

MOA of Chlorsig?

A

-binds to bacterial ribosome
>inhibit protein synthesis
>prevents bacterial proliferation

158
Q

Indications for Chlorsig?

A

-prevent of bacterial conjunctivitis

159
Q

Contraindications with Chlorsig?

A
  • hypersensitvity
  • family hx of blood dycrasias
  • myelosuppresion due to previous exposure of chloramphenicol

Precaution:

  • ineffective coverage for P. Aureginosa
  • CL cant be worn during treatment
160
Q

Adverse effects of Chlorsig?

A
  • blurring
  • stinging
  • irritation
  • itching
  • extreme fatigue
161
Q

Type of Drug: Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride?

A

-anticholinergics

162
Q

Contraindications for Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride?

A

-suspect or confirm ACG

Precaution:

  • down syndrome
  • children with spastic paralysis/brain damage
  • pregnancy/lactation
163
Q

Indications for Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride?

A
  • mydraisis
  • cycloplegia
  • iritis
  • uveitis
164
Q

MOA of Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride?

A

-reversibly inhibits ACh
>prevention of iris sphincter muscle
>inhibits ciliary muscle
>causing mydriasis

165
Q

Adverse effects of Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride?

A
  • transient increase in IOP
  • irritation
  • burning
  • photophobia
  • punctal stenosis
166
Q

Type of drug: Vytorin?

A
  • ezetimibe: cholrestoral absorption inhibitor

- simibastain: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin)

167
Q

Indications for Vytorin?

A
  • primary hypercholesterolemia with diet control
  • prevent CVD events
  • familal hypercholesterolemia
168
Q

Contraindications of Vytorin?

A
  • hypersensitivity
  • active liver disease
  • pregnancy
  • lactation
  • concomittant use of cyclosporin
169
Q

MOA of Vytorin?

A

Ezetimibe:
-selectively inhibits small intestine from absorbing cholesterol and phytosterol
>lowers blood cholesterol leves

Simvastatin:
-acts in liver
>reduces hepatic cholesterol
>upregulation of hepatic LDL receptors (increase uptake)

170
Q

Adverse effects of Vytorin?

A

Ocular:

  • blurred vision
  • catracts
  • EOM weakness
  • diplopia
  • jaundice

Systemic:

  • dizzines
  • HA
  • discomfort
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • rash
171
Q

Type of Drug: Exforge?

A

-valsartan + amlodipine besylate

> control hypertension and blood pressure

172
Q

MOA of Exforge?

A

Valsartan:

  • vasoconstrictor inhibitor
  • blocks aldosterone secreting effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking angiotensin II to AT1 receptor (in vascular smooth muscles in adrenal gland)

Amlodipine:
-peripheral arterial vasodilator
-calcium channel blocker
>inhibit influx of Ca ions in vascular smooth muscles and cardiac muscle
>reduces peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure

173
Q

Indications of Exforge?

A

-HT

174
Q

Contraindications of Exforge?

A
  • allergy
  • medications treating blood and heart problems (dihydropyridines)
  • pregnancy/intending to conceive
  • dialysis
  • cholestasis
  • blood pressure lowering medications
175
Q

Adverse Effects of Exforge?

A
  • dizzines
  • HA
  • sensitivity to light
  • dry mouth/cough
176
Q

Type of drug: Rituximab?

A

monoclonal antibody

177
Q

Indications of Rituximab?

A

Non-hodgkin;s lymphoma

  • RA/SLE
  • MG/NMO
  • OCP
178
Q

Contraindications of Rituximab?

A
  • acute/chronic infections
  • severe congestive heart failure
  • pregnancy
179
Q

MOA of Rituximab?

A
  • deplete B cells from circulation
  • binds to CD20 surface marker expressed on B cells (memory B cells)
  • binds to mechanisms of death (cell mediated cytotoxicity)
180
Q

Adverse effects of Rituximab?

A

Ocular:

  • acute retinal necrosis
  • CMO
  • CMV retinitis

Systemic:

  • infections
  • infusion reaction
  • blood/renal disorders
181
Q

Type of Drug: Fenofibrate?

A

-angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE)

182
Q

MOA of Fenofibrate?

A

-inibition of ACE converting angiotensin I to vasoconstrictor II
-suppresses the aldosterone system
>decrease vasopressor activity
>decrease aldosterone secretion (reduce BP)

183
Q

Indications of Fenofibrate?

A
  • HT
  • heart failure
  • acute myocardial infarction (24 hrs)
184
Q

Contraindications of Fenofibrate?

A
  • pregnancy

- hx of angioedma

185
Q

Adverse effects of Fenofibrate?

A
  • dry cough
  • hypotension
  • HA
  • renal problems
  • hyperkalemia (potassium)

Pharmacology of Drugs KHIO (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions