Khan Academy P/S Flash Cards ~Last 9 pages
________ is the way people organize themselves — bunch of people who live together in a specific geographical area, and interact more with each other than outsiders. Share a common culture over time.
Society is the way people organize themselves — bunch of people who live together in a specific geographical area, and interact more with each other than outsiders. Share a common culture over time.
- _________ = rules that guide the way people live, and _________ = structure that provides organization for people.
- _________ includes ____________, ex. family, education, politics, which all meet basic human needs. The hardware on a phone.
- _________ provides guidelines for living, ex. software or apps on a phone, constantly being updated. What makes society run.
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Culture = rules that guide the way people live, and society = structure that provides organization for people.
- Society includes institutions, ex. family, education, politics, which all meet basic human needs. The hardware on a phone.
- Culture provides guidelines for living, ex. software or apps on a phone, constantly being updated. What makes society run.
- Culture talks about rules and instructions within a society that teach tem how to live.
- Culture refers to ideas and things passed from one generation to the next — language, customes, etc. Varies as we travel around the globe.
- Chinese and Spanish spoken all around the world
- Many like meat and vegetables, while others eat tofu and grasshoppers.
- Ways of greeting differ, ex. In Japan they bow, and the depth of bow is defined by relative status. And in Europe, men and women kiss on both cheeks.
- Culture talks about rules and instructions within a society that teach tem how to live.
- Culture refers to ideas and things passed from one generation to the next — language, customes, etc. Varies as we travel around the globe.
- Chinese and Spanish spoken all around the world
- Many like meat and vegetables, while others eat tofu and grasshoppers.
- Ways of greeting differ, ex. In Japan they bow, and the depth of bow is defined by relative status. And in Europe, men and women kiss on both cheeks.
There are 4 Main Points of Culture:
- _______ _______ _________ ___ _________: all people share culture with others in their society, provides rules and expectations for carryong out daily rituals and interactions.
There are 4 Main Points of Culture:
- People Share Culture in Society: all people share culture with others in their society, provides rules and expectations for carryong out daily rituals and interactions.
There are 4 Main Points of Culture:
- __________ ___ __________ — it evolves over time and is adaptive.
* Normal in hunter/gathers (cooperativity is encouraged) different than today’s information/technology age (individualism/competition)
- __________ ___ __________ — it evolves over time and is adaptive.
There are 4 Main Points of Culture:
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Culture is Adaptive — it evolves over time and is adaptive.
* Normal in hunter/gathers (cooperativity is encouraged) different than today’s information/technology age (individualism/competition)
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Culture is Adaptive — it evolves over time and is adaptive.
There are 4 Main Points of Culture:
- ________ _______ __ _______ — creation of culture is ongoing and cumulative, and societies build on existing cultures to adapt to new challenges and opportunities.
* Normal values are shaped by your culture. Ex. Putting a baby in a crib is strange in other parts of the world. Culture differs around the world.
- ________ _______ __ _______ — creation of culture is ongoing and cumulative, and societies build on existing cultures to adapt to new challenges and opportunities.
There are 4 Main Points of Culture:
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Culture Builds on Itself — creation of culture is ongoing and cumulative, and societies build on existing cultures to adapt to new challenges and opportunities.
* Normal values are shaped by your culture. Ex. Putting a baby in a crib is strange in other parts of the world. Culture differs around the world.
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Culture Builds on Itself — creation of culture is ongoing and cumulative, and societies build on existing cultures to adapt to new challenges and opportunities.
There are 4 Main Points of Culture:
- _________ ___ ___________ — from one generation to the next. We teach a way of life to the next generation. Humans are only mammals with culture to adapt to environments (to survive on equator and arctic)
There are 4 Main Points of Culture:
- Culture is Transmitted — from one generation to the next. We teach a way of life to the next generation. Humans are only mammals with culture to adapt to environments (to survive on equator and arctic)
______ ________ refers to patterns of experiences and attitudes that exist in the highest class segments of a society. This tends to be associated with wealth and formality.
High culture refers to patterns of experiences and attitudes that exist in the highest class segments of a society. This tends to be associated with wealth and formality.
____________ _________ refers to values and behaviours that are in line with larger societal norms (like avoidance of crime).
Normative Culture refers to values and behaviours that are in line with larger societal norms (like avoidance of crime).
_________ _________ refers to patterns of experiences and attitudes that exist within mainstream normative society - like attending a game or watching a parade.
Popular Culture refers to patterns of experiences and attitudes that exist within mainstream normative society - like attending a game or watching a parade.
A __________ is culture (ideas) of a _____-______ (medium) sub-community ( small community) that distinguishes itself from the larger dominant culture of larger society/community
- ___________ smaller than a nation but unlike a micro-culture, it is large enough to support people throughout their entire lifespan.
- ___________ affect your life on a longer period than a micro-culture
- _____-_______ = population size falls between micro and macro levels. They are medium sized groups such as communities, organizations, cities, states, clans, and tribes
A subculture is culture (ideas) of a meso-level (medium) sub-community ( small community) that distinguishes itself from the larger dominant culture of larger society/community
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Subculture smaller than a nation but unlike a micro-culture, it is large enough to support people throughout their entire lifespan.
- Subcultures affect your life on a longer period than a micro-culture
- Meso-level = population size falls between micro and macro levels. They are medium sized groups such as communities, organizations, cities, states, clans, and tribes
A ______-__________ can’t support people throughout their lifespan, refers to groups/organizations only affecting a limited period of one’s life. Ex. Girl Scouts, college sororities, and boarding school.
Subcultures include ethnic groups like Mexicans or orthodox Jews, or groups like the elite upper class. Subculture can cause tension with ____________ ________-which have the power to determine the cultural expectations of society.
A micro-culture can’t support people throughout their lifespan, refers to groups/organizations only affecting a limited period of one’s life. Ex. Girl Scouts, college sororities, and boarding school.
Subcultures include ethnic groups like Mexicans or orthodox Jews, or groups like the elite upper class. Subculture can cause tension with dominant group-which have the power to determine the cultural expectations of society.
When the laws of the dominant society is violated (conflict with larger culture becomes serious), a ______________ ________. ________________: group with expectations and values that strongly disagree with the main values from the larger society. It refers to a subculture that rejects some of the larger culture’s norms and values, and usually develop their own set of norms to live by.
- Ex. Mormons believe in _________. __________ = more than one spouse (broader definition), _________ is more than one wife, __________ — woman has multpile husbands
- Ex. Old Order Amish (PA/OH) reject mainstream ideas and have their own ideas/values, reject technology and consumerism and replace with religious principles (simple lifestyle)
When the laws of the dominant society is violated (conflict with larger culture becomes serious), a counterculture results. Counterculture: group with expectations and values that strongly disagree with the main values from the larger society. It refers to a subculture that rejects some of the larger culture’s norms and values, and usually develop their own set of norms to live by.
- Ex. Mormons believe in polygamy. Polygamy = more than one spouse (broader definition), polygyny is more than one wife, polyandry — woman has multpile husbands
- Ex. Old Order Amish (PA/OH) reject mainstream ideas and have their own ideas/values, reject technology and consumerism and replace with religious principles (simple lifestyle)
Jim Goes to College Subculture
- Within a nation many smaller groups – ethnic, regional, tribal subcultures made of people who identify closely with each other. So subculture is smaller community that distinguishes itself from larger society.
- Different cities states in US may have their own unique subcultures.
- Ex. Jim, grew up in Florida his whole life, but got into university in Washington DC. Notices a lot of differences between the two. Ex. Has to parallel park, and has to pay for parking. Driving in DC not same as in Florida, much more traffic.
Jim Goes to College Subculture
- Within a nation many smaller groups – ethnic, regional, tribal subcultures made of people who identify closely with each other. So subculture is smaller community that distinguishes itself from larger society.
- Different cities states in US may have their own unique subcultures.
- Ex. Jim, grew up in Florida his whole life, but got into university in Washington DC. Notices a lot of differences between the two. Ex. Has to parallel park, and has to pay for parking. Driving in DC not same as in Florida, much more traffic.
__________ _____ is the fact cultures take time to catch up with technological innovations, resulting in social problems. Common in societies because ___________ ________ changes rapidly, while ___________ ________ resists change.
- __________ __________ refers to physical and technological aspects of our daily lives, like food and houses, and ___________ ___________ doesn’t include physical objects, like ideas/beliefs/values, which resist change.
- Example: when cars first invented, there were no laws to govern driving (no speed limits, lanes, etc). Very dangerous but laws were soon written to fix the problem. Or invention of computer and emails.
Culture Lag is the fact cultures take time to catch up with technological innovations, resulting in social problems. Common in societies because material culture changes rapidly, while nonmaterial culture resists change.
- Material Culture refers to physical and technological aspects of our daily lives, like food and houses, and non-material culture doesn’t include physical objects, like ideas/beliefs/values, which resist change.
- Example: when cars first invented, there were no laws to govern driving (no speed limits, lanes, etc). Very dangerous but laws were soon written to fix the problem. Or invention of computer and emails.
_________ ________ — feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, and even fear when they encounter unfamiliar culture practices. Ex. Moving countries or travels to another type of life (urban to rural).
- In foreign places, business is conducted differently, and food completely different.
- As a result of culture shock may feel homesick, lonely, etc.
- Sometimes see things frowned upon in own culture.
Culture Shock — feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, and even fear when they encounter unfamiliar culture practices. Ex. Moving countries or travels to another type of life (urban to rural).
- In foreign places, business is conducted differently, and food completely different.
- As a result of culture shock may feel homesick, lonely, etc.
- Sometimes see things frowned upon in own culture.
- __________ is the spread of an invention or discovery from one place to another, ex. Capitalism, democracy, and religious beliefs. Even technology and software has made a difference in how people connect with others across the globe.
- Can occur in many ways.
- Exploration, military conquest, missionary work, mass media, tourism, and the internet.
- Ex. Food in America seen all around the world — McDonalds in Asia. Spanish is one of the fastest growing languages. Or the ALS ice bucket challenge
- Diffusion is the spread of an invention or discovery from one place to another, ex. Capitalism, democracy, and religious beliefs. Even technology and software has made a difference in how people connect with others across the globe.
- Can occur in many ways.
- Exploration, military conquest, missionary work, mass media, tourism, and the internet.
- Ex. Food in America seen all around the world — McDonalds in Asia. Spanish is one of the fastest growing languages. Or the ALS ice bucket challenge
_______ _______ = dissemination of information, and how information is transmitted within a culture. Includes print media (books, music, newspaper and magazines) and digital media (TV, media, radio, and the internet). How it’s consumed changes across cultures in each group. (Ex. Older people might get their info via TV and newspaper while younger people can get it via the internet).
Mass Media = dissemination of information, and how information is transmitted within a culture. Includes print media (books, music, newspaper and magazines) and digital media (TV, media, radio, and the internet). How it’s consumed changes across cultures in each group. (Ex. Older people might get their info via TV and newspaper while younger people can get it via the internet).
According to the _____________ ___________, mass media’s main role is to provide _____________. _______________ also say mass media can act as an agent of socialization (ex. ____________ ___________ of watching Olympics on TV, and ___________ ____________ — entire internet communities) and act as an _________ ___ ________ ________.
- Also tells us what society expects of us through rewards and punishment, ex. Seeing criminals. But can also glorify behaviours that are wrong in society, like intense physical violence.
- Also functions as a promoter of consumer culture. At the turn of century average US child saw 20000 commercials a year on TV. Only increased from there, and not clear what impact this may have on next generation.
According to the functionalist perspective, mass media’s main role is to provide entertainment. Functionalists also say mass media can act as an agent of socialization (ex. Collective Experience of watching Olympics on TV, and Community Building — entire internet communities) and act as an enforcer of social norms.
- Also tells us what society expects of us through rewards and punishment, ex. Seeing criminals. But can also glorify behaviours that are wrong in society, like intense physical violence.
- Also functions as a promoter of consumer culture. At the turn of century average US child saw 20000 commercials a year on TV. Only increased from there, and not clear what impact this may have on next generation.
- The __________ ____________ on Mass Media focuses on how the media portrays and reflects and exacerbates __________ that exist in society, ex. Race/social class
- Conflict Theorists use the term _____________ to describe the process by which a small number of people and corporations control what information is presented on the media, and how they move through a series of gates before they reach the public. In some countries, this is decided by the government, in others decided by large media corporations.
- _______________ has more effect on some media than others, ex. Lots of control on big movies, but little overhead control on what’s posted online.
- Also describes how mass media reflects the dominant ideology. Often limits other views. People who make the choice – the gatekeepers are predominantly white, male, and wealthy.
- Portrayal of minorities can be stereotyped. And attempts to fix this can wrongly result in __________.
- The Conflict Perspective on Mass Media focuses on how the media portrays and reflects and exacerbates divisions that exist in society, ex. Race/social class
- Conflict Theorists use the term gatekeeping to describe the process by which a small number of people and corporations control what information is presented on the media, and how they move through a series of gates before they reach the public. In some countries, this is decided by the government, in others decided by large media corporations.
- Gatekeeping has more effect on some media than others, ex. Lots of control on big movies, but little overhead control on what’s posted online.
- Also describes how mass media reflects the dominant ideology. Often limits other views. People who make the choice – the gatekeepers are predominantly white, male, and wealthy.
- Portrayal of minorities can be stereotyped. And attempts to fix this can wrongly result in tokenism.
__________ _________ are similar to conflict theory, in that mass media misrepresents society towards the dominant ideology. Specifically, message about men and women are represented in the media. Depictions of men and women are often stereotyped, emphasizing traditional sex roles.
Feminist Theories are similar to conflict theory, in that mass media misrepresents society towards the dominant ideology. Specifically, message about men and women are represented in the media. Depictions of men and women are often stereotyped, emphasizing traditional sex roles.
____________ ___________ looks at mass media on micro-level to see how it shapes day to day behavior. How mass media blurs line between solidary and group activities – ex. watching a movie (can be watching with other people but because of societal norms/theater rules you can’t talk about it with those who you are watching with). Looks at how we connect with others using media changes over time (email/text message instead of phone, or online dating increase).
Interactionist Perspective looks at mass media on micro-level to see how it shapes day to day behavior. How mass media blurs line between solidary and group activities – ex. watching a movie (can be watching with other people but because of societal norms/theater rules you can’t talk about it with those who you are watching with). Looks at how we connect with others using media changes over time (email/text message instead of phone, or online dating increase).
Culture is typically learned through ___________, ____________, and the _____________ proponent (shaped through _____________).
Culture is typically learned through observation, interactions, and the biological proponent (shaped through evolution).
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution — both __________ ________ and ___________ can be selected for if they contribute to the success of the species.
- Ex. For behaviours, all cultures have ways of dealing with illness/medicine/healing. Or wedding/funeral ceremonies. Language. Indicates they were selected for as human species evolved.
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution — both physical traits and behaviours can be selected for if they contribute to the success of the species.
- Ex. For behaviours, all cultures have ways of dealing with illness/medicine/healing. Or wedding/funeral ceremonies. Language. Indicates they were selected for as human species evolved.
- Evolution can shape culture, but can also think of how culture can shape human evolution.
- Ex. Hunter-gatherer society vs. farming society, people moved less, and populations grew. Because of this people were more exposed to outbreaks of disease. Since only those that survived weren’t killed off, these societies have shaped our immune systems.
- Or lactose intolerance, first year of life most humans get nutrition from milk, but switched after children are weaned. But Northern Europeans which reared cattle, don’t have this effect – their lactase gene doesn’t turn off. So those able to digest milk more likely to survive.
- Evolution can shape culture, but can also think of how culture can shape human evolution.
- Ex. Hunter-gatherer society vs. farming society, people moved less, and populations grew. Because of this people were more exposed to outbreaks of disease. Since only those that survived weren’t killed off, these societies have shaped our immune systems.
- Or lactose intolerance, first year of life most humans get nutrition from milk, but switched after children are weaned. But Northern Europeans which reared cattle, don’t have this effect – their lactase gene doesn’t turn off. So those able to digest milk more likely to survive.
The resources in society are unevenly distributed. Ex. Wealth un the U.S, top 20% have 72% of the wealth of the country and bottom 20% only control 3%.
- Upper, middle, and lower class. based incomes.
- As you go up the social ladder, have better access to education, healthcare, and housing.
The resources in society are unevenly distributed. Ex. Wealth un the U.S, top 20% have 72% of the wealth of the country and bottom 20% only control 3%.
- Upper, middle, and lower class. based incomes.
- As you go up the social ladder, have better access to education, healthcare, and housing.
Overview of Social Inequality
- There are groups of population that are disproportionally affected by social inequality — _______/______ _____________ have greater degrees of inequality as manifested by lower incomes, lower education, and reduced access to healthcare.
- Those in poverty also face considerable barriers to obtaining the same healthcare, education, and other resources as others.
Overview of Social Inequality
- There are groups of population that are disproportionally affected by social inequality — ethnic/racial minorities have greater degrees of inequality as manifested by lower incomes, lower education, and reduced access to healthcare.
- Those in poverty also face considerable barriers to obtaining the same healthcare, education, and other resources as others.
Overview of Social Inequality
- Gender does too. Females experience differences in pay (_______-___ ____), and the _______ _______ _______ (poorly represented in higher positions in companies)
- People may feel increasingly ________ ________, live in ____________ ____________, and feel _____________ ______________.
- Can lead to civil unrest, and tempt people into criminal activities.
Overview of Social Inequality
- Gender does too. Females experience differences in pay (gender-pay gap), and the glass ceiling effect (poorly represented in higher positions in companies)
- People may feel increasingly socially excluded, live in segregated neighborhoods, and feel politically disempowered.
- Can lead to civil unrest, and tempt people into criminal activities.
Overview of Social Inequality
- Ways to help: __________ ________ (ex. Food Stamps), improve _______ ___ _________/___________, and figure out social interventions that allow ___________ ___ __________.
- Health disparity: difference in health outcome that is closely related to social and economic factors. Social inequality causes the difference, not a iological one.
Overview of Social Inequality
- Ways to help: government schemes (ex. Food Stamps), improve access to education/healthcare, and figure out social interventions that allow integration to society.
- Health disparity: difference in health outcome that is closely related to social and economic factors. Social inequality causes the difference, not a iological one.
- We have a number of of ways to break down society into social layers, ex. Classes.
- Lower class — manual work, labour, low-paying jobs.
- Middle class — professionals, better paying jobs.
- Upper Class — very wealthy businessmen and family wealth
- Correlates to amount of income.
- We have a number of of ways to break down society into social layers, ex. Classes.
- Lower class — manual work, labour, low-paying jobs.
- Middle class — professionals, better paying jobs.
- Upper Class — very wealthy businessmen and family wealth
- Correlates to amount of income.
- When we think of ________ ___________, can there be movement? Yes. Various ways.
- Individual can move ____________/___________ mobility — move within the same class. Ex. Accountant switches job to different accounting company.
- ________ ____________ / mobility — move up or down the social hierarchy. Ex. Manager at restaurant becomes CEO of fast food restuarant. But if he gets demoted to serving food, he falls downward.
- When we think of social positions, can there be movement? Yes. Various ways.
- Individual can move horizontally/horizontal mobility — move within the same class. Ex. Accountant switches job to different accounting company.
- Verical movement / mobility — move up or down the social hierarchy. Ex. Manager at restaurant becomes CEO of fast food restuarant. But if he gets demoted to serving food, he falls downward.
There are various types of social constructs that allow for social mobility.
- _______ ________ — very little social mobility, becuase your role is determined entirely by background you are born to and who you’re married to. A lot of social stability. Ex. The Hindu Caste system.
There are various types of social constructs that allow for social mobility.
- Caste System — very little social mobility, becuase your role is determined entirely by background you are born to and who you’re married to. A lot of social stability. Ex. The Hindu Caste system.
There are various types of social constructs that allow for social mobility.
- _______ ________ — allows for degree of social mobility, combination of background and movement, often by education. Less stability.
There are various types of social constructs that allow for social mobility.
- Class System — allows for degree of social mobility, combination of background and movement, often by education. Less stability.
There are various types of social constructs that allow for social mobility.
- ____________ — concept that people achieve social position soley based on ability and achievements. Highly idealized. Birth/parental background doesn’t matter. Extreme social mobility.
- Social rewards, status, position are awarded to individuals based on their own ability to work (_______). In order for a _____________ to operate, everyone within the society would need the same opportunity to succeed, so that rewards are actually based (primarily) on _______.”
There are various types of social constructs that allow for social mobility.
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Meritocracy — concept that people achieve social position soley based on ability and achievements. Highly idealized. Birth/parental background doesn’t matter. Extreme social mobility.
- Social rewards, status, position are awarded to individuals based on their own ability to work (merit). In order for a meritocracy to operate, everyone within the society would need the same opportunity to succeed, so that rewards are actually based (primarily) on merit.”
If a change in social class happens in a person’s own lifetime – ______________ _________.
If a change in social class happens in a person’s own lifetime – intragenerational mobility
________________ ________ — change in social class between generations, ex. Parent is working class and son is working class.
Intergenerational Mobility — change in social class between generations, ex. Parent is working class and son is working class.
- There are two different ways of thinking about poverty — does it threaten the survival of a person, or does it exclude them from society?
- __________ _________ — an absolute level at which if you go below, survival is threatened. Minimum level of resources a human being needs to survive. This level no matter where you are.
- Approximately, $1-2 a day, talking about developing countries.
- However, somoene in the arctic needs a lot more than somewhere else. There’s variability that __________ __________ does not consider.
- The median level of income in a society can gradually rise as a country gets richer. When it does, we find less people live in absolute povery - decrease in poverty.
- There are two different ways of thinking about poverty — does it threaten the survival of a person, or does it exclude them from society?
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Absolute Poverty — an absolute level at which if you go below, survival is threatened. Minimum level of resources a human being needs to survive. This level no matter where you are.
- Approximately, $1-2 a day, talking about developing countries.
- However, somoene in the arctic needs a lot more than somewhere else. There’s variability that absolute poverty does not consider.
- The median level of income in a society can gradually rise as a country gets richer. When it does, we find less people live in absolute povery - decrease in poverty.
__________ _________ — in developed countries, use a different marker — a % level below the median income of the country. Ex. In the U.S., instead of $1-2 a day, the median income is above $80/day.
- _________ _________ is less than 60% of the median income.
- If a country’s income rises up, the absolute poverty line will not change as the median income level would.
- _________ _________ is not about survival, its people whose incomes are so low in their own society that they’re being excluded from society.
Relative Poverty — in developed countries, use a different marker — a % level below the median income of the country. Ex. In the U.S., instead of $1-2 a day, the median income is above $80/day.
- Relative poverty is less than 60% of the median income.
- If a country’s income rises up, the absolute poverty line will not change as the median income level would.
- Relative poverty is not about survival, its people whose incomes are so low in their own society that they’re being excluded from society.
- There is a huge amount of social inequality between rich families and poor families. Large social ineqaulity seems to replicate itself cross generations. Perpetuation of inequality through social institutions ( such as education/economy), social mobility counters this.
- People with rich parents end up wealthy themselves _______ ____________.
- Means we are reproducing social inequality across generations.
- There is a huge amount of social inequality between rich families and poor families. Large social ineqaulity seems to replicate itself cross generations. Perpetuation of inequality through social institutions (such as education/economy), social mobility counters this.
- People with rich parents end up wealthy themselves social reproduction.
- Means we are reproducing social inequality across generations.
- Rich people have __________ _________, and can invest it to obtain __________ __________ — building up reliable, useful social networks.
- __________ ________: the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.
- Social Networks provide a valuable resource. Social capital is believed to result in various health benefits for the individual, including reductions in the health risk of chronic inflammation. Partly related to social support, social capital emphasize the tangible resources provided by network members (whereas social support tends to focus on emotional resources). Both social support and social capital suggest that social contracts will be beneficial to individual health and well-being. Social Network -àHealth
- __________ ________: the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.
- Rich people have financial capital, and can invest it to obtain social capital — building up reliable, useful social networks.
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Social Capital: the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.
- Social Networks provide a valuable resource. Social capital is believed to result in various health benefits for the individual, including reductions in the health risk of chronic inflammation. Partly related to social support, social capital emphasize the tangible resources provided by network members (whereas social support tends to focus on emotional resources). Both social support and social capital suggest that social contracts will be beneficial to individual health and well-being. Social Network -àHealth
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Social Capital: the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.
- Being rich can also expose you to __________ __________, ex. If parents exposing you to trips abroad and learning foreign languages. Or cultural items in house you know a lot about. With this knowledge, you may gain some reward.
- __________ ________ — The term _________ _________ refers to non-financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means. Examples can include education, intellect, style of speech, dress, or physical appearance. Refers to knowledge, skills, education, and similar characteristics that are used to make social distinctions and that are associated with differences in social status.
- Being rich can also expose you to cultural capital, ex. If parents exposing you to trips abroad and learning foreign languages. Or cultural items in house you know a lot about. With this knowledge, you may gain some reward.
- Cultural capital — The term cultural capital refers to non-financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means. Examples can include education, intellect, style of speech, dress, or physical appearance. Refers to knowledge, skills, education, and similar characteristics that are used to make social distinctions and that are associated with differences in social status.
Social Reproduction
- Doesn’t educationalsystem allow poor people to gain capital too? Our educational system doesn’t value cultures of low classes. It doesn’t value the culture and social networks of the poor population.
- Education system can reinforce this social stratification.
Social Reproduction
- Doesn’t educationalsystem allow poor people to gain capital too? Our educational system doesn’t value cultures of low classes. It doesn’t value the culture and social networks of the poor population.
- Education system can reinforce this social stratification.
Social Exclusion
- Being an integral member of society has lots of advantages — access to good social networks, housing, educational resources, and resources in community. But certian individuals can be excluded to the peripheries of society, and are prevented from participating in society.
- Reduced rights and access to resources/opportunities
Social Exclusion
- Being an integral member of society has lots of advantages — access to good social networks, housing, educational resources, and resources in community. But certian individuals can be excluded to the peripheries of society, and are prevented from participating in society.
- Reduced rights and access to resources/opportunities
Some can drag people into the periphery of society.
- The __________ ___________ can drag poeple away from the core part of society, and experience a greater degree of social exclusion.
- The ____ _________ __________ can also drag people away, can’t participate in society.
- Certain groups may face discrimination, based on their race/gender/sexual orientation/etc. — the _____________ __________.
- __________, ________, ____________ are all important factors. With the lack of any of these, poor people can be regualted to the fringes of society.
People in the periphery often have many of these magnets combined, have tremendous forces pushing them away. They may also have greater consequences like ill health and criminal activities.
Some can drag people into the periphery of society.
- The poverty magnet can drag poeple away from the core part of society, and experience a greater degree of social exclusion.
- The ill health magnet can also drag people away, can’t participate in society.
- Certain groups may face discrimination, based on their race/gender/sexual orientation/etc. — the discrimination magnet.
- Education, housing, employment are all important factors. With the lack of any of these, poor people can be regualted to the fringes of society.
People in the periphery often have many of these magnets combined, have tremendous forces pushing them away. They may also have greater consequences like ill health and criminal activities.
_____________ is a way of separating out groups of people and giving them access to a separate set of resources within the same society.
- Idea “_________ ____ ______”, which is rarely true in practice.
- Segregated people often have _______ __________.
- Segregation is maintained by law/public institutions, or more formal processes like “__________ ____________”.
- __________ ____________ — when community voluntarily isolates itself from mainstream, based on their own religous/cultural/other beliefs.
Segregation is a way of separating out groups of people and giving them access to a separate set of resources within the same society.
- Idea “separate but equal”, which is rarely true in practice.
- Segregated people often have worse resources.
- Segregation is maintained by law/public institutions, or more formal processes like “hidden discrimination”.
- Social Isolation — when community voluntarily isolates itself from mainstream, based on their own religous/cultural/other beliefs.
Environmental Justice
- Where we live plays a huge role in environmental benefits and risks we’re exposed to.
- Areas with high poverty and lots of racial minorities, often have few environmental benefits (green spaces, parks, recreation)
- They also get a lot of _____________ _______ compared to wealthier parts. Includes waste facilities, manufacturing/factories, energy production, airports.
- At risk becuase they often have few alternatives, little awareness of risks they face, and other pressing issues.
- More health problems like asthma, obesity, etc.
Environmental Justice
- Where we live plays a huge role in environmental benefits and risks we’re exposed to.
- Areas with high poverty and lots of racial minorities, often have few environmental benefits (green spaces, parks, recreation)
- They also get a lot of environmental burden compared to wealthier parts. Includes waste facilities, manufacturing/factories, energy production, airports.
- At risk becuase they often have few alternatives, little awareness of risks they face, and other pressing issues.
- More health problems like asthma, obesity, etc.
Environmental Justice
- Wealthier population of society has much higher benefits
- More politically and economically powerful, and able to demand beneficial facilities are placed close to them and burdening facilities far way form the rich.
- Also, better represented in environmental/lobbying groups.
Environmental Justice
- Wealthier population of society has much higher benefits
- More politically and economically powerful, and able to demand beneficial facilities are placed close to them and burdening facilities far way form the rich.
- Also, better represented in environmental/lobbying groups.
Environmental Justice
- Big concept is _______________ __________ — looks at the fair distribution of the environmental benefits and burdens within society across all groups.
Environmental Justice
- Big concept is environmental justice — looks at the fair distribution of the environmental benefits and burdens within society across all groups.
_____________ ________ — groups of people separate into different neighborhoods.
- Can mean race or income.
- Where we live affects our life chances, because it affects our politics, healthcare, availability to education, etc.
Residential Segregation — groups of people separate into different neighborhoods.
- Can mean race or income.
- Where we live affects our life chances, because it affects our politics, healthcare, availability to education, etc.
There are other forms of segregation:
- ____________ — there’s clustering of different groups.
- __________ — segregation + clustering in a central area.
There are other forms of segregation:
- Concentration — there’s clustering of different groups.
- Cetralization — segregation + clustering in a central area.
_______ ___ ___________ — 0 is total segregation, and 100 is a perfect distribution
Index of Dissimilarity — 0 is total segregation, and 100 is a perfect distribution
Why is residential segregation so negatively impactful on certain groups?
- ___________ __________ — Communities segregated are politically weak because their political interests don’t overlap with other communities — become politically vulnerable, don’t have political influence to keep their own needs addressed.
Why is residential segregation so negatively impactful on certain groups?
- Political Isolation — Communities segregated are politically weak because their political interests don’t overlap with other communities — become politically vulnerable, don’t have political influence to keep their own needs addressed.
Why is residential segregation so negatively impactful on certain groups?
- __________ ____________ — opportunities for low-income people in segregated communities may be present but farther away, and harder to access. Gap between where people live and where opportunities are.
Why is residential segregation so negatively impactful on certain groups?
- Spatial Mismatch — opportunities for low-income people in segregated communities may be present but farther away, and harder to access. Gap between where people live and where opportunities are.
Global Inequality
- The world is extremely unequal.
- Life expectancy in the Congo is 51 vs France/Japan is 84. Tremendous range.
- Access to clean water — in Africa is very difficult; whereas, in the US/Europe getting clean water is very very easy.
Global Inequality
- The world is extremely unequal.
- Life expectancy in the Congo is 51 vs France/Japan is 84. Tremendous range.
- Access to clean water — in Africa is very difficult; whereas, in the US/Europe getting clean water is very very easy.
- The champagne glass can help explain inequalities in wealth we see. It represents the distribution of wealth.
- Top 1/5th have 82.7% of the global income.
- Poorest 1/5th have 1.4% of global income.
- Richest 85 people in the world have more wealth than the poorest 3.5 billion people in the world.
- The champagne glass can help explain inequalities in wealth we see. It represents the distribution of wealth.
- Top 1/5th have 82.7% of the global income.
- Poorest 1/5th have 1.4% of global income.
- Richest 85 people in the world have more wealth than the poorest 3.5 billion people in the world.
- Inequalities in individual countries as well, ex. very poor countries can have a few extremely rich people.
- ___________ ___________ ______ is a marker for healthcare systems.
- In NA and Europe 10-20 people per 100,000 die of childbirth.
- In SA 75/100,000
- SE Asia, 170/100,000
- Central Africa 700+/100,000
- Inequalities in individual countries as well, ex. very poor countries can have a few extremely rich people.
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Maternal Mortality Rate is a marker for healthcare systems.
- In NA and Europe 10-20 people per 100,000 die of childbirth.
- In SA 75/100,000
- SE Asia, 170/100,000
- Central Africa 700+/100,000
Health and Healthcare Disparities in the U.S.
- A lot of disparities we see in the U.S. are the result of poor economic and environmental conditions.
- Social-economic status is a pyramid. As we go up the social pyramid, access and quality of healthcare improves.
- Opposite is true for those at the bottem of the pyramid — more disease, less high quality healthcare, substandard housing, poor diet, dangerous jobs, can’t afford expensive treatments.
Health and Healthcare Disparities in the U.S.
- A lot of disparities we see in the U.S. are the result of poor economic and environmental conditions.
- Social-economic status is a pyramid. As we go up the social pyramid, access and quality of healthcare improves.
- Opposite is true for those at the bottem of the pyramid — more disease, less high quality healthcare, substandard housing, poor diet, dangerous jobs, can’t afford expensive treatments.
Health and Healthcare Disparities in the U.S.
- _______ can play a role — Hispanics and African-Americans have a higher morbidity and mortality rates, worse access to healthcare and lower quality healthcare.
- Even though some can be attributed to SES reasons, doesn’t explain everything. Minorities are less likely to recieve everyday healthcare and treatments for life-threatening conditions.
Health and Healthcare Disparities in the U.S.
-
Race can play a role — Hispanics and African-Americans have a higher morbidity and mortality rates, worse access to healthcare and lower quality healthcare.
- Even though some can be attributed to SES reasons, doesn’t explain everything. Minorities are less likely to recieve everyday healthcare and treatments for life-threatening conditions.
Health and Healthcare Disparities in the U.S.
- _______ ____________ — men typically use fewer preventative services like vaccines/check-ups.
- Women require reproductive services, and access is reduced due to local laws.
- Studies for treatments for diabetes/heart disease don’t always include women, and can suffer from lack of research.
Health and Healthcare Disparities in the U.S.
-
Gender differences — men typically use fewer preventative services like vaccines/check-ups.
- Women require reproductive services, and access is reduced due to local laws.
- Studies for treatments for diabetes/heart disease don’t always include women, and can suffer from lack of research.
Health and Healthcare Disparities in the U.S.
- _______ ____________ — might face discrimination, which can limit clinics they feel comfortable seeking help from.
- Transgender expecially face discrimination, and have a hard time finding someone who has experience working with transsgender individuals. Lead sthem to be reluctant to seek services when they really need them
Health and Healthcare Disparities in the U.S.
-
LGBT Community — might face discrimination, which can limit clinics they feel comfortable seeking help from.
- Transgender expecially face discrimination, and have a hard time finding someone who has experience working with transsgender individuals. Lead sthem to be reluctant to seek services when they really need them
Intersectionality
- Many types of discrimination, like sex/gender/culture/race, but what if someone experiences multiple forms at the same time?
- Ex. Female who is African American and practices Buddhist teachings, causing her to be discriminated against in 3 different areas.
- Why is it important to consider intersection? Because multiple different categories of potential discrimination/oppression that compounds in one individual, and put her at a disadvantage in society.
Intersectionality
- Many types of discrimination, like sex/gender/culture/race, but what if someone experiences multiple forms at the same time?
- Ex. Female who is African American and practices Buddhist teachings, causing her to be discriminated against in 3 different areas.
- Why is it important to consider intersection? Because multiple different categories of potential discrimination/oppression that compounds in one individual, and put her at a disadvantage in society.
_______________
- _______ ___ ______________ asks us to consider all the different levels of discrimination. ______________ calls attention to how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification. For example, an individual’s position within a social hierarchy is determined not only by his or her social class, but also by his or her race/ethnicity.
- Originally coined in 1989 by Crenshaw as a feminist theory, but has since expanded out and use it to explain oppression in all parts of society.
- The _______ ___ ___________ proposes that we need to understand how all these discriminations (double or triple jeopardy) can simultaneously exist.
Intersectionality
-
Theory of Intersectionality asks us to consider all the different levels of discrimination. Intersectionality calls attention to how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification. For example, an individual’s position within a social hierarchy is determined not only by his or her social class, but also by his or her race/ethnicity.
- Originally coined in 1989 by Crenshaw as a feminist theory, but has since expanded out and use it to explain oppression in all parts of society.
- The theory of intersectionality proposes that we need to understand how all these discriminations (double or triple jeopardy) can simultaneously exist.
_______ ___ __________ — way we produce goods, ex. Factories and farms. Owned by fairly wealthy individuals, which hire a large amount of workers which offer their labour, without owning any of the means of production.
- There’s a class divide, a hierarchy of upper/lower class.
Means of Production — way we produce goods, ex. Factories and farms. Owned by fairly wealthy individuals, which hire a large amount of workers which offer their labour, without owning any of the means of production.
- There’s a class divide, a hierarchy of upper/lower class.
Theory by _______ ______ — workers in working class don’t realize they’re being exploited and oppressed by this capitalistic model of working.
- Workers can develop ________ ____________, and they realize they have solidarity with one another and struggle to overcome this oppression and exploitation. Involves seizing and obtaining means and redistributing the means of production among the workers.
Theory by Karl Marx — workers in working class don’t realize they’re being exploited and oppressed by this capitalistic model of working.
- Workers can develop class consciousness, and they realize they have solidarity with one another and struggle to overcome this oppression and exploitation. Involves seizing and obtaining means and redistributing the means of production among the workers.
Theory by _______ _______ — workers in working class don’t realize they’re being exploited and oppressed by this capitalistic model of working.
- _______ ____________ — unlike class consciousness, instead of seeing they have solidarity with one another, they’re unable to see their oppression. And owners can promote this _______ ____________ by controlling classes, making it more difficult for workers to see their oppression.
Theory by Karl Marx — workers in working class don’t realize they’re being exploited and oppressed by this capitalistic model of working.
- False Consciousness — unlike class consciousness, instead of seeing they have solidarity with one another, they’re unable to see their oppression. And owners can promote this false consciousness by controlling classes, making it more difficult for workers to see their oppression.
_____________ — all variable examined are continuous.
- ________ ___________ — degree of dependence between one variable and another. Data is not a scatter plot, one-way influence of one variable on another.
Regression — all variable examined are continuous.
- Linear Regression — degree of dependence between one variable and another. Data is not a scatter plot, one-way influence of one variable on another.
____________ — all variables examined are continuous. Unlike regression makes no assumptions about which variable is influencing the other.
- If ___________ coefficient is 1, perfect. If -1, opposite. 0, random
Correlation — all variables examined are continuous. Unlike regression makes no assumptions about which variable is influencing the other.
- If correlation coefficient is 1, perfect. If -1, opposite. 0, random
___-________ — when all variables are categorical, looks at if 2 distributions of categorical data differ from each other.
- Null hypothesis vs. alternative hypothesis.
Chi-square — when all variables are categorical, looks at if 2 distributions of categorical data differ from each other.
- Null hypothesis vs. alternative hypothesis.
_______ — compares mean values of a continuous variable (dependent) between 2 categories/groups, ex. comparing mean of a group to a specific value. Can also compare means of 2 groups.
- Two-tailed = possibility of relationship in both directions, one-tailed = one direction.
T-Test — compares mean values of a continuous variable (dependent) between 2 categories/groups, ex. comparing mean of a group to a specific value. Can also compare means of 2 groups.
- Two-tailed = possibility of relationship in both directions, one-tailed = one direction.
________ — similar to t-test, compare distributions of continuous variable between groups of categorical variable, but can be used for 3+ groups.
If value doubles, 100% increase
ANOVA — similar to t-test, compare distributions of continuous variable between groups of categorical variable, but can be used for 3+ groups.
If value doubles, 100% increase
_____________ _______ — data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, can take years or decades. A _____________ _______ follows variables over a long period of time to look for correlations.
Longitudinal Study — data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, can take years or decades. A longitudinal study follows variables over a long period of time to look for correlations.
____-_________ _______ — observational study where 2 groups differing in outcome are identified and compared to find a causal factor. Ex. comparing people with the disease with those who don’t but are otherwise similar.
Case-Control Study — observational study where 2 groups differing in outcome are identified and compared to find a causal factor. Ex. comparing people with the disease with those who don’t but are otherwise similar.
_________ _____ — highly controlled interventional studies
Clinical Trial — highly controlled interventional studies
____________ __________ _______ — people studied randomly given one of treatments under study, used to test efficacy/side effects of medical interventions like drugs. Gold standard for clinical trial.
Randomized Controlled Trial — people studied randomly given one of treatments under study, used to test efficacy/side effects of medical interventions like drugs. Gold standard for clinical trial.
______________ ______— In an observational study, the researcher is unable to control the assignment of groups.
Observational Study — In an observational study, the researcher is unable to control the assignment of groups.
__________ ________ — extent to which a causal conclusion based on a study is warranted. Confounding factors often impact the _______ _______ of an experiment.
Internal Validity — extent to which a causal conclusion based on a study is warranted. Confounding factors often impact the internal validity of an experiment.
_________ ________— Whether results of the study can be generalized to other situations and other people. To protect _________ _________, the sample must be completely random, and all situational variables must be tightly controlled.
External Validity — Whether results of the study can be generalized to other situations and other people. To protect external validity, the sample must be completely random, and all situational variables must be tightly controlled.
___________ _________ — whether a tool is measuring what it is intended to measure.
Construct Validity — whether a tool is measuring what it is intended to measure.
_________ ___ _____ ________ — if the first measurement is extreme, the second measurement will be closer to the mean.
Regression To The Mean — if the first measurement is extreme, the second measurement will be closer to the mean.
______________ _________ — changes in dependent variable may be due to the existence of or variations in a third variable.
Confounding Variables — changes in dependent variable may be due to the existence of or variations in a third variable.
__________ _________ — treatment with known response.
Positive Control — treatment with known response.
___________ _________ — group with no response expected.
Negative Control — group with no response expected.
