Khan 300 Page Psyc/Soc

Question 1

Binocular cues

Answer 1

Gives sense of depth and gives retinal disparity

Question 2

Convergence

Answer 2

Gives humans idea of depth based on how much eyeballs are turned. Things far away- eye muscles relaxed. Things close- eye muscles contract

Question 3

Monocular cues

Answer 3

• Form of an object: relative size, interposition/overlap (object that is in front is closer), relative height, shading and contour
• Motion: motion parallax: relative motion (things farther away move slower)
• Constancy: perception of object doesn’t change even if the image cast on the retina is different (size constancy; shape constancy)

Question 4

Sensory adaptation

Answer 4

Our senses are adaptable and they can change their sensitivity to stimuli

Question 5

Weber’s law

Answer 5

DeltaI/Initial intensity = k (constant)

Question 6

Absolute threshold of sensation

Answer 6

The minimum intensity of stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

Question 7

Subliminal stimuli

Answer 7

Stimuli below the absolute threshold of sensation

Question 8

Types of somatosensation

Answer 8

Temperature (thermoception), pressure (mechanoception), pain (nociception), and position (proprioception)

Question 9

How neurons encode for timing

Answer 9

*Non-adapting: neuron consistency fires at a constant rate
*Slow-adapting: neuron fires in beginning of stimulus and calms down after a while
*Fast-adapting: neuron fires as soon as stimulus start…then stops firing. Starts
again when stim stops

Question 10

Inner ear

Answer 10

• Has semicircular canals that are filled with endolymph
• When we rotate head, the fluid shifts in the semicircular canals
• Endolymph doesn’t stop spinning same we do (contributes to dizziness and vertigo)

Question 11

Otolithic organs

Answer 11

Help us to detect linear acceleration and head positioning. In these are CaCO3 (Calcium carbonate) crystals attached to hair cells in
viscous gel. If we go from lying down to standing up, they move, and pull on hair cells, which triggers AP

Question 12

Signal Detection Theory

Answer 12

*Hit, the subject responded affirmative when a signal was present,
*False Alarm, the subject perceived a signal when there was none
present;
*Correct Rejection, a correct negative answer for no signal
*Miss, a negative response to a present signal

Question 13

Bottom up Processing

Answer 13

Begins with stimulus. Stimulus influences what we perceive (our perception)

Question 14

Top-down Processing

Answer 14

Uses background knowledge influences perception

Question 15

Gestalt Principle: Similarity

Answer 15

Items similar to one another grouped together by brain

Question 16

Gestalt Principle: Pragnanz

Answer 16

Reality organized reduced to simplest form possible. Ex. Olympic rings, where the brain automatically organizes these into 5 circles, instead of more complex shapes.

Question 17

Gestalt Principle: Proximity

Answer 17

Objects that are close are grouped together

Question 18

Law of Common Fate

Answer 18

For example, if there are an array of dots and half the dots are moving upward while the other half are moving downward, we would perceive the upward moving dots and the downward moving dots as two distinct units

Question 19

Law of Past Experience

Answer 19

The law of past experience implies that under some circumstances visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience

Question 20

Contextual Effects

Answer 20

The context in which stimuli are presented and the processes of perceptual organization contribute to how people perceive those stimuli (and also that the context can establish the way in which stimuli are organized)

Question 21

Cornea

Answer 21

First part of eye light hits; starts to bend light

Question 22

Anterior chamber of eye

Answer 22

Filled with aqueous humour, which provides pressure to maintain shape of eyeball

Question 23

Pupil

Answer 23

Opening in the middle of this iris. Size can get bigger or smaller

Question 24

Iris

Answer 24

Gives eye color. Muscle that constricts/relaxes to change size of pupil

Question 25

Lens

Answer 25

Bends light so it goes to back of eyeball. Focuses light specifically on the fovea of the retina. Adjust how much it bends the light by changing its shape, using the
suspensory ligaments.

Question 26

Retina

Answer 26

Inside, back area
filled with photoreceptors,
where the ray of light is converted from a physical waveform to an electrochemical impulse
that the brain can interpret

Question 27

Fovea

Answer 27

Completely covered in cones, no rods (rest of retina is covered in primarily rods)

Question 28

Cones

Answer 28

Detect color and discern high level of detail in what you are observing

Question 29

Transmission

Answer 29

electrical activation of one neuron by another

neuron

Question 30

Perception

Answer 30

Conscious sensory experience of neural

processing

Question 31

Phototransduction cascade

Answer 31

What happens when light hits rod/cone:
1. Light hits rods (which causes rod to turn off); bipolar cell turns on; retinal ganglion cell turns on; optic nerve; brain

Question 32

Opponent Process Theory of Color Vision

Answer 32

Have cones that perceive 4 colors: red, green, blue, and yellow. Red and green oppose each other, as do blue and yellow cones

Question 33

Rods versus cones

Answer 33

• More rods than cones
• Cones in fovea
• Rods more sensitive (more important to see light than detail/color)
• Cones detect color but also some light
• Rods have slow recovery and cones have fast recovery (eyes adjust to darkness)

Question 34

Parvocellular pathway

Answer 34

Good at spatial resolution (boundaries, shape, color) but poor at motion (temporal)

Question 35

Magnocellular pathway

Answer 35

Good at temporal (time and motion)

Question 36

Place Theory

Answer 36

Place theory posits that one is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane.

Question 37

Base vs apex of cochlea

Answer 37

Base (start of cochlea) activated by high freq sounds
Apex (end of cochlea) activated by low frequency
(THINK: long wavelengths can travel farther)