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BIOL 200 > KH1 > Flashcards

KH1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define polymer

A

Covalent bond-linked chain of monomers

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2
Q

What is an informational polymer?

A

Polymer with more than 1 kind of monomer, where the sequence of monomers is the information needed.

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3
Q

What’s the common generic structure of a monomer in an informational biopolymer?

A

They have a common element which will form the backbone of the polymer through covalent bonds. They have a “characteristic” element which forms the side-chains.

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4
Q

How many monomers can you connect with 1 joining site?

A

2

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5
Q

How many joining sites (minimum) do you need to make a polymer?

A

2

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6
Q

What do you need for further chain growth?

A

Joining sites exposed at ends.

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7
Q

What happens when you have 3 joining sites?

A

Branched polymers

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8
Q

Are informational biopolymers branched?

A

No.

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9
Q

Example of branched polymers?

A

Complex carbs

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10
Q

Can cells make branched polymers?

A

Yes.

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11
Q

How many ends do informational biopolymers have?

A

2

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12
Q

Why do cells use linear biopolymers and not branched ones?

A

To be able to pack and handle them better.

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13
Q

Describe the DNA molecules of bacteria in terms of biopolymers and structure.

A

They have a circular but unbranched form because the two ends of linear informational biopolymers have been joined.

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14
Q

How can you describe the symmetry of the monomers of informational biopolymers?

A

Asymmetric

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15
Q

Describe both joining ends in relation to each other.

A

They are chemically distinct.

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16
Q

How do informational biopolymer backbones connect?

A

To the opposite end.

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17
Q

What drives the asymmetry of the polymer?

A

The asymmetry of the monomers.

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18
Q

In which way does polymer growth occur?

A

In 1 direction. Unidirectional.

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19
Q

What are the 2 major types of biopolymers and their respective monomer units?

A

Nucleic acids: nucleotides

Protein: Amino acids

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20
Q

Order DNA, RNA and Protein in order of chain length >

A

DNA > RNA> Protein

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21
Q

What is the characteristic element of nucleotides?

A

Heterocyclic base

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22
Q

What is the common element of a nucleotide?

A

Pentose sugar phosphate

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23
Q

What are the 2 joining sites on a nucleotide?

A

The 5’ phosphate and the 3’ OH

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24
Q

How do nucleic acid polymers grow?

A

By addition of monomers to the 3’ end.

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25
Q

What’s the difference between ribose and deoxyribose sugars?

A

Absence of 2’ hydroxyl in deoxyribose.

26
Q

What is the consequence of the lack of -OH on deoxyribose?

A

DNA is more resistant to chain cleavage by hydrolysis.

27
Q

What are the purines?

A

adenine and guanine

28
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

uracil, thymine, cytosine

29
Q

What is the consequence of having T instead of U in DNA?

A

Chemical damage is easier to repair.

30
Q

Difference between U and T?

A

The methyl group on c5 in thymine.

31
Q

What is the link between adjacent nucleotides & why?

A

A phosphodiester bond. Cause the phosphate is joined in an ester bond to the 5’OH of the downstream nucleotide and another ester bond with the 3’OH of the nucleotide upstream.

32
Q

Will nucleotides be newly joined to the phosphate group?

A

No. It is the 5’ end and not the 3’ end.

33
Q

What is the characteristic element of amino acids?

A

R side chains

34
Q

What’s the common element in amino acids?

A

Alpha carbon linked to a COOH (carboxyl) group and a NH2 (amino) group.

35
Q

Which stereoisomer of amino acids is used in protein sythesis?

A

L structure

36
Q

Polymer growth happens at which joining site in proteins?

A

At the carboxyl terminus.

37
Q

What’s the bond between adjacent amino acids?

A

peptide bonds

38
Q

How are amino acids added to the polymer chain?

A

The monomers are energized when a nucleoside triphosphate brings the amino acids to the chain and then 2 phosphate groups are kicked out

39
Q

What is the high energy form of amino acid monomers?

A

Amino acyl-tRNA esters

40
Q

What is the part of the high energy form of amino acids is kicked out to help amino acid incorporation?

A

the tRNA

41
Q

Can energized monomers grow a chain by themselves?

A

No.

42
Q

What do energized monomers need in order to grow chains?

A

Enzymes.

43
Q

How does the enzyme help monomers grow into chains

A

The enzyme is associated with a template biopolymer that directs the enzyme to incorporate the correct type of monomer.

44
Q

What would you say causes the sequence?

A

The template.

45
Q

Enzyme for DNA construction

A

DNA polymerase

46
Q

Enzyme for RNA construction

A

RNA polymerase

47
Q

Enzyme for protein construction

A

Ribosome

48
Q

Which biopolymers exists as single polymer chains?

A

RNA and protein

49
Q

DNA strands are held together by:

A

Weak H-bonds between complementary bases

50
Q

What’s another name for complementary bases

A

Watson-Crick base pairs

51
Q

Describe the helix of DNA

A

right-handed helix called “B” DNA, the 2 strands are antiparallel, sugar-phosphate backbones on the outser side, base-pairs on the inside

52
Q

How are base-pairs in the interior of DNA structures read?

A

Bye DNA-binding proteins binding to major and minor grooves to identify specific sequences without separating strands.

53
Q

How can denatured strands be renatured?

A

By forming H-bonds between complementary base-pair sequences.

54
Q

Example of when we need renaturation and denaturation.

A

During DNA replication and transcription, molecular biology and genomic processes

55
Q

What’s Tm?

A

The temperature at which the DNA is 1/2 melted

56
Q

Tm depends on:

A

the DNA’s base composition

57
Q

What kind of DNA would have a higher Tm? Why?

A

DNA with a higher proportion of G-C pairs because they have 3 h-bonds (more h-bonds)

58
Q

Relationship between Tm and G-C content

A

As G-C base pair content increases, Tm increases.

59
Q

T or F: DNA bends along its horizontal axis

A

F: DNA bends along its long axis.

60
Q

Why does DNA need to bend?

A

For DNA-protein interactions and it’s needed in the folding of DNA into compact structures.

61
Q

Example where DNA bending is used?

A

Chromosome formation

BIOL 200 (2 decks)

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