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BIOL 200 > KH 02 > Flashcards

KH 02 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA makes RNA makes protein

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2
Q

What does replication involve?

A

DNA synthesis

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3
Q

What does transcription involve?

A

RNA synthesis

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4
Q

What does translation involve?

A

Protein synthesis

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5
Q

What is the biopolymer, template and enzyme for replication?

A

DNA, DNA, DNA polymerase

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6
Q

What is the biopolymer, template and enzyme for transcription?

A

RNA, DNA, RNA polymerase

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7
Q

What is the biopolymer, template and enzyme for translation?

A

Protein, mRNA, ribosome

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8
Q

Most enzymes, including DNA and RNA polymerase, are _____.

A

proteins

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9
Q

What is the ribosome made of?

A

It has protein and RNA components. Both contribute to its enzymatic function

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10
Q

In transcription, what does the template?

A

The template, the exposed DNA strand, specifies RNA sequence by Watson-Crick base-pairing

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11
Q

What are rNTPs? ***

A

Ribonucleoside triphosphates

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12
Q

In transcription, is there a direct or indirect interaction of the template with the incoming monomer (rNTP)?

A

Direct

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13
Q

How do rNTPs diffuse?

A

Randomly. RNA polymerase will only link incoming rNTP to growing chain if it forms the perfect Watson-Crick base pair

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14
Q

RNA molecules are always synthesized in the ___ direction

A

5′ -› 3′

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15
Q

In transcription, is the nascent RNA chain parallel or antiparallel?

A

Antiparallel

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16
Q

In transcription, at which end does the chain grow?

A

The 3’ end

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17
Q

The polymerization catalyzes an attack of the ___ on the _____ of the incoming rNTP. Bêta and gamma _____ are dropped.

A

3’ -OH, alpha phosphate, diphosphate

18
Q

The sequence of RNA transcribed from a region of DNA corresponds to the sequence of the _____.

A

non-template strand

19
Q

The non-template strand and the new RNA strand are both _____ to, and _____ with, the template DNA strand

A

complementary, antiparallel

20
Q

The template DNA strand is exposed by local unwinding of duplex DNA by _____.

A

helicase (associated with the RNA polymerase)

21
Q

What moves along the DNA with RNA polymerase during transcription?

A

The transcription bubble

22
Q

What happens after the DNA is unwound in the transcription bubble?

A

The original DNA duplex
re-forms behind the RNA
polymerase. The re-forming duplex behind
polymerase “kicks
out” the newly-synthesized
RNA strand.

23
Q

How does the RNA polymerase move along the DNA?

A

Unidirectionally

24
Q

During transcription, the displaced single-stranded
RNA exits through a channel
in the polymerase, __ end first.

A

5’

25
Q

What are the names of the DNA sequences that facilitate the initial binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA during transcription?

A

Promoters

26
Q

How does the RNA polymerase stop the DNA transcription?

A

Certain DNA sequences
destabilize the attachment of RNA polymerase to the DNA as it moves. The RNA polymerase falls off the DNA
and releases the completed RNA chain.

27
Q

What are the similarities between DNA replication and transcription?

A
  1. Template = DNA
  2. DNA duplex locally unwound by a helicase at initiation sites to expose
    template
  3. New strand synthesized
    5’ to 3’ antiparallel to
    template. Chain growth at 3’ end
  4. Monomers = nucleoside triphosphates
  5. Direct interaction (Watson‐Crick base pairing)
    between template DNA and incoming monomer
  6. Attack of 3’‐OH on alpha phosphate of
    incoming dNTP. Bêta and gamma diphosphate
    “dropped”
28
Q

What are the differences between DNA replication and transcription?

A
  1. Transcription: Monomer = rNTPs / Replication: Monomer = dNTPs
  2. Transcription: Start and stop sites on template / Replication: Start sites (origins), but no stop sites
  3. Transcription: Newly synthesized strand (RNA) separates from template strand. / Replication: Newly synthesized strand (DNA) never separates
    from template strand.
  4. Transcription: Only one of the original DNA strands is a
    template strand. / Replication: Both of the original DNA strands independently
    serve as template strands.
  5. Transcription: We start with one molecule of double‐
    stranded DNA and we end with one molecule of double‐stranded DNA (plus the RNA molecule produced). / Replication: We start with one molecule of double‐stranded
    DNA and we end with two molecules of double‐
    stranded DNA
29
Q

What do the 5’ and 3’ ends in an mRNA sequence respectively correspond to in the protein sequence?

A

NH2…..COOH

30
Q

Nucleotides are “read” into amino acids as 3-character words called _____.

A

codons

31
Q

How many 3-nucleotide codons are there?

A

64

32
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

A dictionary of 3-nucleotide
codons and their corresponding amino acids. It is a 4 x 16 table.

33
Q

What are the 3 STOP codons (terminaison codons), that do not code for any amino acid?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA (Stop)

34
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG (Methionine or Met)

35
Q

Can the STOP codon be present within the protein chain?

A

No

36
Q

Can the START codon (Met) be present within the protein chain?

A

Yes

37
Q

All proteins start their synthesis with ___.

A

Met

38
Q

There is a _____ interaction of template with next
monomer molecule to be incorporated in replication and transcription.

A

direct

39
Q

There is an _____ interaction between template and
next monomer to be incorporated (amino acid) in translation

A

indirect

40
Q

tRNA acts as an _____ between template and growing chain

A

adaptator

41
Q

What are the respective energized monomers for replication, transcription and translation?

A

dNTP, rNTP and aminoacyl tRNA

BIOL 200 (6 decks)

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