Keywords Flashcards
Graphology
The visual aspects of textual design and appearance
Backchannelling
Remarks such as ‘really?’ or interested noises to show that a listener is engaged in what is being said
Interactivity
Usage of language in response to what other people have communicated or to the ways in which they have communicated
Utterance
Actual words or sounds spoken
Context
Situation into which a communication is delivered
Convention
Accepted ways of doing things
Formal
Sophisticated, using more complex vocabulary and avoiding slang
Spontaneous
Unplanned, random
Agenda
What language users want to get out of a situation
Topic Management
Way in which the subject of the conversation is discussed
Computer mediated communication
Communication which happens through the medium of a computer
Mode
Extent to which words are written or spoken and their relationship to other features of communication such as images or paralinguistic features
Mixed mode
Mixture of written and spoken modes
Genre
Literary or television/film/radio category
Discourse
Language that is particular to one job or occupation
Paralinguistic features
Body language
Phatic communication
Small talk whose aim is simply to be polite and friendly
Transactional
With the aim of getting things done
Jargon
Specific technical vocabulary
Exclusive
Shutting out people who don’t understand
The visual aspects of textual design and appearance
Graphology
Remarks such as ‘really?’ or interested noises to show that a listener is engaged in what is being said
Backchannelling
Usage of language in response to what other people have communicated or to the ways in which they have communicated
Interactivity
Actual words or sounds spoken
Utterance
Situation into which a communication is delivered
Context
Accepted ways of doing things
Convention
Sophisticated, using more complex vocabulary and avoiding slang
Formal
Unplanned, random
Spontaneous
What language users want to get out of a situation
Agenda
Way in which the subject of the conversation is discussed
Topic management
Communication which happens through the medium of a computer
Computer mediated conversation
Extent to which words are written or spoken and their relationship to other features of communication such as images or paralinguistic features
Mode
Mixture of written and spoken modes
Mixed mode
Literary or television/film/radio category
Genre
Language that is particular to one job or occupation
Discourse
Body language
Paralinguistic features
Small talk whose aim is simply to be polite and friendly
Phatic communication
With the aim of getting things done
Transactional
Specific technical vocabulary
Jargon
Shutting out people who don’t understand
Exclusive
Examples of different contexts which change the way we respond to spoken utterance or written expression
- identity of the person we are responding to
2. The setting at the exact moment in time - historical, geographical, social etc.
Examples of different identities a person can take (not exclusive)
- age
- gender
- sexual orientation
- work background
- educational background
- socio-economic class
- social conventions (e.g. manners)
- member of any specific group
- religious or political opinions
- national or regional origin
- interests or enthusiasms
Examples of different settings which can change context of an exchange
- relationship between to the communicators
- location and time - is it live? is it formal?
- spontaneity
- how familiar the individuals are with the content of the communication
- agenda of the users
- the medium of communication: typed, spoken, written… computerized or not? laptop or phone?
- the genre or job/occupation of the participants
- the health of the participants
“Really?!” “You’re kidding” “mmhm” are examples of what type of communication?
Backchannelling
Audience
The people or person hearing or reading the words, even if they are not intended to
Register
Level of formality adopted when speaking or writing to people
Overt prestige
A high level of respect spoken between a group of people. Usually highly educated people.
Non-standard communication
Generally thought of as grammatically incorrect. Slang.
Covert prestige
Respect that is given to language that is non-standard.
Inclusive communication
Words or phrases that only a few people ‘in the know’ would understand. Not jargon because it isn’t specific to a topic or subject, but instead a group of people.
Purpose
The reason your language is used
Primary purpose
The principle or most obvious purpose
Secondary purpose
The secondary or unintentional purpose
Problem-solution structure
Structure where a situation is outlined and then solution is suggested
Rhetorical device
Technique used to evoke an emotional response
Metaphore
Implicit identification of one thing or idea with another in order to dd shades of meaning
Irony
Humorous device which expresses an idea in a way which makes it seem opposite in meaning
Pun
Play on words which uses words which sounds the same but have different meanings
Improvise
Make up on the spot
Edited
Changed to make shorter, more appropriate, better grammar etc.
Synchronous communication
Communication that flows in synchrony, face to face.
Diachronic communication
Communication that happens over time.
Ephemeral communication
Communication which is short-lived. e.g. a note on the desk informing a colleague where something was left.
Metalanguage
Language about language
hegemony
How one social group can use language to get other people to accept its way of seeing the world as natural
Pejorative term
A judgmental term that usually implies disapproval or criticism
Discourse event
An act of communication at a specific time and location involving writers/speakers and readers/listeners.
Discourse Community
A group of people with shared interests and belief systems who are likely to respond to texts in similar ways
In the oppositional view of speech and writing, what are the opposing views? (9)
Writing/Speech:
- objective/interpersonal
- monologue/dialogue
- durable/ephemeral
- planned/sponatenous
- highlystructured/loosely structured
- concerned with past and future/concerned with the present
- formal/informal
- decontextualized/contextualised
- grammatically complex/gramatically simple
Blended-mode of speech and writing
a text/speech which contains conventional modes of both speech and writing. Found somewhere on the continuum.
Modes of speech and writing
The oppositional view
blended mode
the prototype model
