Keywords Flashcards
Articulatory suppression
You cannot verbally rehearse information, whilst also speaking out loud, so the rehearsal is prevented, suppressed.
Babrick et al (1975)
He investigated the duration of very long memory. He aimed to test duration by testing recall of real life information.
Baddeley (1966)
Carried out research to identify how the STM and LTM encode information.
Baddeley and Hitch (1977)
They investigated whether interference was a better explanation for forgetting than the passage of time.
Baddeley and Godden (1975)
They identified whether recall is better when recalling information in the same context, as where information was remembered (context dependent retrieval).
Bartlett
Stayed ‘reconstructed memory’ is putting the pieces of information from a memory together, but often in the wrong order.
Capacity
The amount of information that can be held in the memory
Clive Wearing
Contracted a virus, which attacked his brain and has a profound case of total amnesia due to the illness.
Central executive
Thought to be the ‘boss’ of the working memory, selectively attending to same stimuli, whilst ignoring others and retrieving information for use of the working memory.
Context Dependent retrieval (Baddeley and Godden (1975))
They identified whether recall is better when recalling information in the same context, as where the information was remembered.
Conformity effect: Gabbert et al (2003)
This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of post-event information on the accuracy of eye witness testimony.
Christian and Hibinette (1993)
They aimed to investigate the effects of anxiety on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
Cognitive interview
Method of interviewing eye witnesses and victims about what they remember from a crime scene.
Duration
The time during which something exists or lasts.
Declarative memory
(Type of LTM) is the memories of facts, data and events. There are two types, semantics and episodic memory.
Digit span test
When you are given a series of digits and asked to immediately recall them to order. The list of digits to recall get progressively longer.
Echoic
One of the sensory memory registers, a component of sensory memory that is specifically retaining auditory information.
Encoding
How information is stored in memory, iconic and echoic.
Ebbinghaus
Coined the terms ‘primacy’ and ‘recency’ effect, to explain this phenomenon.
Episodic memory
Is about knowing memory of events.
Episodic buffet
Acts as a general store for memory which are both visual and acoustic.
Encoding specific principle (Tulving 1983)
States that some of the same cues, which are present at encoding must be present at retrieval to achieve full remembering.
Eyewitness testimony
Legal term and refer to an account given by people of an event they have witnessed.
Encoding (acoustic)
Remembering some words because of the way they sound
Glanzer and Cunitz
Stated that when a distraction task is used, then recall of the last words is just as bad as the middle line.
Gieselman (1985)
Wondered whether cognitive interviews work. His aim was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive interviews at improving the accuracy of EWT.
Haptic memory
Tactile imput from the body- things you have touched.
Iconic memory
Remembering things you see.
Interference theory
States forgetting is caused by two memories competing with one another. More likely when the information is similar (proactive and retroactive).
Information chunking
Breaking up long strings of information into units or chunks.
Immediate recall test
First words in a list are remembered, because they have been rehearsed and therefore have moved to the LTM.
Köhneken et al (1999)
‘Do cognitive interviews work?’ Aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive interviews at improving the accuracy of EWT.
Linear model
New information travels in one direction.
Long term memory store
The last stage of memory, where memories from long ago are stored, due to maintenance rehearsal and retrieval (LTM).
Loftus and Palmer (1974)
Aimed to test it the use of leading questions affected memory recall (study one) and also tested if the use of leading questions is a result of response bias or if the memory is altered.
Loftus (1979)
Created and tested the weapons effect, which studied the level of anxiety of a witness.
Leading question
The questioner asks something, but include information that could cause you to give a different answer.
Multi-store model
Suggests out memory is divided into three elements within a system from the sensory register into the STM and finally into the LTM.
Miller (1956)
AIM was to test the capacity of STM (digit span test)
McGeoch and McDonald (1931)
Aim to test whether similarity effects recall, specifically effects recall, specially looking at retrospective interference.
