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Biology – Cell Activity > keywords > Flashcards

keywords Flashcards

1
Q

light microscope

A

an instrument used to magnify specimens using lenses and light

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2
Q

electron microscope

A

an instrument used to magnify specimens using a beam of electrons

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3
Q

nucleus (of a cell)

A

an organelle found in many living cells containing the genetic information

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4
Q

gene

A

a short section of DNA carrying genetic information

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5
Q

chromosome

A

thread-like structure carrying the genetic information found in the nucleus of a cell

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6
Q

cytoplasm

A

the water-based gel in the which the organelles of all living cells are suspended

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7
Q

cell membrane

A

the membrane around the contents of a cell which controls what moves in and out of the cell

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8
Q

mitochondria

A

the site of aerobic cellular respiration in a cell

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9
Q

ribosome

A

the site of protein synthesis in a cell

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10
Q

protein synthesis

A

the process by which proteins are made on the ribosomes based on information from the genes in the nucleus

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11
Q

algae

A

single-celled or simple multicellular organisms, which can photosynthesize but are not plants

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12
Q

algal cell

A

the cells of algae, single-celled or simple multicellular organisms, which can photosynthesize but are not plants

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13
Q

cell wall

A

a rigid structure which surrounds the cells of living organisms apart from animals

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14
Q

cellulose

A

a big carbohydrate molecule which makes up plant and algal cell walls

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15
Q

chloroplasts

A

the organelles in which photosynthesis takes place

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16
Q

chlorophyll

A

the green pigment contained in the chloroplasts

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17
Q

permanent vacuole

A

a space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap which is there all the time

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18
Q

bacteria

A

single-celled microorganisms that can reproduce very rapidly. Many bacteria are useful, e.g. gut bacteria and decomposing bacteria, but some cause disease

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19
Q

bacterial colony

A

a population of billions of bacteria grown in culture

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20
Q

genetic material

A

the DNA which carries the instructions for making a new cell or a new individual

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21
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid, the material of inheritance

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22
Q

plasmid

A

extra circle of DNA found in bacterial cytoplasm

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23
Q

yeast

A

single-celled fungi which produce ethanol when they respire carbohydrates anaerobically

24
Q

asexual budding

A

a form of asexual reproduction where a complete new individual forms as a bud on the parent organism

25
Q

aerobic respiration

A

breaking down food using oxygen to release energy for the cells

26
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

breaking down food without oxygen to release energy for the cells

27
Q

fermentation

A

the reaction in which the enzymes in yeast turn glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide

28
Q

antibiotic

A

drug that destroys bacteria inside the body without damaging human cells

29
Q

specialized

A

adapted for a particular function

30
Q

optic nerve

A

the nerve carrying impulses from the retina of the eye to the brain

31
Q

root hair cell

A

cell on the root of a plant with microscopic hairs which increases the surface area for the absorption of water from the soil

32
Q

xylem tissue

A

the non-living transport tissue in plants, which transports water around the plant

33
Q

mineral ion

A

chemical needed in small amounts as part of a balanced diet to keep the body healthy

34
Q

sperm

A

male sex cell (gamete) in animals

35
Q

diffusion

A

the net movement of particles of gas or a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (along a concentration gradient)

36
Q

solute

A

the solid which dissolves in a solvent to form a solution

37
Q

net movement

A

the overall movement of

38
Q

concentration gradient

A

the gradient between an area where a substance is at a high concentration and a area where it is at a low concentration

39
Q

simple sugars

A

small carbohydrate molecules made up of single sugar units or two sugar units joined together

40
Q

respiration

A

the process by which food molecules are broken down to release energy for the cells

41
Q

partially permeable membrane

A

allowing only certain substances to pass through

42
Q

osmosis

A

the net movement of water from an area of high concentration (of water) to an area of low concentration (of water) along a concentration gradient

43
Q

isotonic

A

having the same concentration of solutes as another solution

44
Q

hypertonic

A

a solution with a higher concentration of solute molecules than another solution

45
Q

hypotonic

A

a solution with a lower concentration of solute molecules than another solution

46
Q

turgor

A

the state of a plant cell when the pressure of the cell wall on the cytoplasm cancels out the tendency for water to move in by osmosis, so the cell is rigid

47
Q

plasmolysis

A

the state of a plant cell when large amounts of water have moved out by osmosis and the protoplasm shirks and pulls away from the cell wall, leaving visible gaps

48
Q

active transport

A

the movement of substances against a concentration gradient and / or across a cell membrane, using energy

49
Q

kidney tubule

A

a structure in the kidney where substances are reabsorbed back into the blood

50
Q

exchange surface

A

a surface where materials are exchanged

51
Q

ventilated

A

movement of air into and out of the lungs

52
Q

gaseous exchange

A

the exchange of gases, e.g. the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide which occurs between the air in the lungs and the blood

53
Q

alveoli

A

the tiny air sacs in the lungs which increase the surface area for gaseous exchange

54
Q

stomata

A

openings in the leaves of plants (particularly the underside) which allow gases to enter and leave the leaf. They are opened and closed by guard cells

55
Q

digestive system

A

the organ system, running from the mouth to the anus, where food is digested

56
Q

small intestine

A

the region of the digestive system where most of the digestion of the food takes place

Biology – Cell Activity (6 decks)

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