Keywords

Question 1

Corroboration or Consistency

Answer 1

When a second witness corroborates with the first and is consistent with their account

Question 2

Reputation

Answer 2

When you judge how likely a fact is to be true based on the reputation of the person who suggested it

Question 3

Ability to see

Answer 3

Taking into consideration how well the witness could have seen what they say they saw

Question 4

Vested Interest

Answer 4

Judging whether the witness would have something to gain from making a bias or false statement

Question 5

Neutrality

Answer 5

A lack of neutrality means that the individual is likely to favor a particular point of view

Question 6

Intermediate Conclusion

Answer 6

Statements supported by evidence and used to support the main conclusion

Question 7

Analogy

Answer 7

A comparison used as part of the reasoning in an argument

Question 8

General Principles

Answer 8

A fundamental or general law or truth

Question 9

Slippery Slope

Answer 9

A misleading chain of argument that involves describing a deteriorating situation that may never and is likely to never occur

Question 10

Unjustified Projection

Answer 10

One jump linking one thing to another without sufficient reasoning (one step of slippery slope)

Question 11

Post hoc

Answer 11

An argument that states that if an event occurs after another, then it is caused by it

Question 12

Circular argument

Answer 12

One that appears to offer new information but establishes nothing new (1 is because of 2. You can find 2 by looking for 1)

Question 13

False Dichotomy or Restricting the Options

Answer 13

When the arguer gives the listener the false impression that there are only two (or a limited number of) options when choosing a side in order to make their own seem more appealing.

Question 14

Conflation, arguing from one thing to another and unrelated conclusion

Answer 14

When two things are referred to as if they are the same when actually they are different

Question 15

Problems with cause and effect

Answer 15

If two things correlate they are not necessarily caused by each other,
The effect can also be confused as the cause and vice versa

Question 16

Reasoning from wrong actions

Answer 16

Justifying a wrong action by claiming that others do the same

Question 17

tu quoque

Answer 17

(you too) involves claiming that the critic of a wrong action is guilty of the same action

Question 18

Confusing necessary and sufficient conditions

Answer 18

A necessary condition is one that is vital for something to happen
A sufficient condition is one that guarantees that the next step can follow.

Question 19

Generalisation

Answer 19

A broad claim based on evidence or an experience that is too limited

Question 20

Straw person

Answer 20

Exaggerating a drawback or undesirable feature of a scheme in order to persuade listeners to dismiss the idea as a whole

Question 21

A hominem

Answer 21

(to the man) refers to criticising an irrelevant feature of the arguer in order to discredit them and make their argument less appealing

Question 22

Appeal to Authority

Answer 22

An attempt to support a conclusion on the basis that a well known person believes it

Question 23

Appeal to tradition

Answer 23

Used to oppose a suggested change, it suggests that something that has served us well should not be “got rid of”

Question 24

Appeal to History

Answer 24

Evidence about what has happened in the past is used ti predict future events

Question 25

Appeal to popularity

Answer 25

Uses weight of numbers as a way of suggesting that something is true or should be supported

Question 26

Emotional Appeal

Answer 26

They must be supported with sound reasoning and evidence as they don’t use logic but appeal to our fears, prejudice, sympathy, hatred or indignation