keywords

Question 1

localism

Answer 1

loyalty to the local community or local area

Question 2

autocratic

Answer 2

autocracy means having no limits to a ruler’s power; such ruler was called an autocrat

Question 3

orthodox church

Answer 3

following a split in the christian church in the 11th century, eastern orthodox church developed its own beliefs and rituals; in 1453, when Constantinople fell to the Turks, Moscow became the spiritual capital

Question 4

over-procurator

Answer 4

appointed by the tsar from the laity, highest church official

Question 5

holy synod

Answer 5

group of bishops, forming the ruling body of the orthodox church; has the highest authority on rules, regulations, faith and matters of Church organisation

Question 6

edict

Answer 6

(Russian: ukaz) an official order issued by a person of authority

Question 7

provincial

Answer 7

living away from the capital

Question 8

civil servant

Answer 8

someone working for the government

Question 9

bureaucracy

Answer 9

a system of government in which the most of the important decisions are taken by state officials rather than by elected representatives

Question 10

conscription

Answer 10

compulsory enlistment of a person into military service

Question 11

serf

Answer 11

a person who was the property of the lord for whom he or she worked, similar to a peasant

Question 12

military colony

Answer 12

where the conscripts lived and trained, all under strict military discipline

Question 13

police state

Answer 13

state in which the activity of the people are closely monitored and controlled for political reasons

Question 14

cossacks

Answer 14

• from ukraine and southern russia
• known for skills in horsemanship and strong military tradition
• by the 19th century they formed a special and prestigious military class serving the tsar
• provided with arms and supplies by the tsarist government, each solider rode own highly trained horse

Question 15

cottage industry

Answer 15

work done in the worker’s own home or a small workshop, typically spinning, weaving and small-scale wood and metal work; occasionally whole villages specialised in a particular trade, such as making samovars for boiling water for tea

Question 16

capital accumulation

Answer 16

building up money reserves in order to invest

Question 17

urban artisan

Answer 17

manual worker in a town who possessed some skills (cobbler or leather-maker)

Question 18

intelligentsia

Answer 18

more educated members of russian society, including writers and philosophers with both humanitarian and nationalist concerns; many opposed the State for various cultural, moral, philosophical and political reasons

Question 19

emancipation

Answer 19

freeing from bondage

Question 20

enlightened despotism

Answer 20

system of government in which all-powerful ruler granted domestic reforms in order to benefit his people

Question 21

Party of St Petersburg Progress

Answer 21

loose title given to the more liberal nobles and officials who frequented the salons of the tsar’s aunt, or gathered around his brother

Question 22

redemption payments

Answer 22

serfs required to pay money in exchange for their freedom/land

Question 23

kulak

Answer 23

prosperous landed peasant

Question 24

ecclesiastical and military courts

Answer 24

church court where punishments were in the hands of priests; in military courts, army officers awarded the sentences