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Culture, Lit, and Adaptations > Keywords > Flashcards

Keywords Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Culture

A

material and nonmaterial products of human groups

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2
Q

Society

A

made up of people and cultures made of products.

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3
Q

Cultural elements

A

Technology, symbols, language, values, and norms

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4
Q

Physical products

A

material cultures, things you can sense

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5
Q

Abstract products

A

nonmaterial culture

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6
Q

Technology

A
  • Refers to objects and the rules for using them
  • Any tool and its usage
  • Any rule that makes the use of an object illegal
  • Laws are technology
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7
Q

Symbols

A
  • Basis of human culture
  • Any words, gestures, or images
  • Different cultures use different symbols
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8
Q

Language

A
  • Organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system
  • Can be used to express any idea
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9
Q

Values

A
  • Values are shared beliefs
  • Distinguish between good and bad, right and wrong, desirable and undesirable
  • Group’s values help to determine character and culture
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10
Q

Norms

A
  • Shared rules of conduct in specific situations
  • Folkways do not carry heavy moral significance
  • Mores carry heavy moral significance
  • Laws are written and enforced by the government
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11
Q

Cultural Variation

A

Cultures can be different, but there are certain features that all cultures share (cultural universals).

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12
Q

Cultural universals

A

features developed by all societies to fulfill basic needs.

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13
Q

Subculture

A
  • Groups within a larger culture that share traits with each other but not society.
  • Examples are groups organized by age, gender, politics, or geography.
  • Most do not reject all the values of the larger society.
  • Most subcultures do not threaten the larger American culture.
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14
Q

Counterculture

A
  • Adopt values that are designed to challenge/reject the values of larger society.
  • Examples are groups such as cyberpunks, anarchists, the Mafia, and hippies.
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15
Q

Ethnocentrism

A
  • Tendency to view one’s own culture and groups as superior.
  • People from all cultures are somewhat ethnocentric at different times.
  • Can lead to discrimination.
  • Can cause the home culture to stagnate.
  • Professional scholars struggle with ethnocentrism.
  • Ethnocentric ideas can be internalized.
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16
Q

Cultural Relativism

A
  • The idea that a culture should be judged by its own standards.
  • Can help explain beliefs or behaviors that seem strange or different.
17
Q

Perspectives on Culture

A

Functionalist: Culture reflects and enforces society’s central values. Encourage harmony and stability by integrating individuals in society. Subcultures diffuse discontent of subgroups in society. Ethnocentrism encourages group solidarity.

Conflict: Culture reflects and enforces values of those who hold power. Subcultures and countercultures challenges those in power. Ethnocentrism encourages discrimination against the powerless.

Interactionist: Culture is maintained and modifies through everyday social interaction. Interaction among subcultural groups helps to transmit customs and traditions and introduces new cultural meaning systems.

18
Q

Cultural Diffusion

A
  • Spreading of culture traits from one society to another
  • Today, it can happen almost instantly. (Space time continuum becoming compressed)
19
Q

Cultural Lag

A
  • The time it takes for nonmaterial culture to “catch up” to changes in material culture.
  • Technology (cell phones)
20
Q

Cultural Leveling

A
  • Process by which cultures become more and more alike.
  • Some suggest is it the first step toward a global culture.
21
Q

Race

A
  • Biological categorization based on phenotype (most common, unreliable scientifically)
  • Social construct based this biological categorization- attribution of an ascribed status and associated role
    o When you give someone a status that comes with roles
    o Ascribed status: place in society
22
Q

Racism

A
  • Discrimination based on race
  • Translates into actions and institutions
    o Microaggressions
    o Segregation
    o Rhetoric
  • Critical Race Theory focuses on institutional racism known as systemic racism.
23
Q

CRT

A
  • Controversial approach and pedagogy (teaching)
  • Systemic racism manifests as white privilege, implicit bias, and normalization of whiteness that leads to alterity.
  • Advocates educating about racism.
  • Calls for white allyship (white anti-racist).
  • Warns against color-blind policies, and the use of BIPOC as tokens of post-racialism.
    o Post-racialism: Racism as a thing of the past

Culture, Lit, and Adaptations (1 decks)

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