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Biology OCR A level keywords > Keywords > Flashcards

Keywords Flashcards

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1
Q

Eyepiece graticule

A

A measuring device. It is placed in the eyepiece of a microscope and acts as a ruler when you view an object under the microscope

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2
Q

Stage graticule

A

A precise measuring device. It is a small scale that is placed on a microscope stage and used to calibrate the value of eyepiece divisions at different magnifications

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3
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Reaction that occurs when two molecules are joined together with the removal of water

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4
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A weak interaction that can occur wherever molecules contain a slightly negatively charged atom bonded to a slightly positively charged atom

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5
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Reaction that occurs when a molecule is split into two smaller molecules with the addition of water

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6
Q

Monomer

A

A small molecule which binds to other identical molecules to form a polymer

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7
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule made from many smaller molecules called monomers

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8
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Group of molecules containing C, H and O

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9
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

A bond formed between two monosaccharides by a condensation reaction

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10
Q

Amino acids

A

Monomers of all proteins, and all amino acids have the same basic structure

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11
Q

Peptide bond

A

A bond formed when two amino acids are joined by a condensation reaction

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12
Q

Primary structure

A

The sequence of amino acids found in a molecule

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13
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Protein structure where a protein consists of more than one polypeptide chain. e.g. insulin

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14
Q

Secondary structure

A

The coiling or folding of an amino acid chain, which often arises as a result of hydrogen bonding between different parts of the chain . The main types of secondary structure are alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

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15
Q

Tertiary structure

A

The overall three dimensional shape of a protein molecule. Its shape arises due to interactions including hydrogen bonding, disulfide bonding, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions

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16
Q

Fibrous protein

A

Has a relatively long, thin structure, is insoluble in water and metabolically inactive, often having a structural role within an organism

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17
Q

Globular protein

A

Has molecules of relatively spherical shape, which are soluble in water, and often have metabolic roles in an organism

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18
Q

Prosthetic group

A

A non-protein component that forms a permanent part of a functioning protein molecule

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19
Q

Double helix

A

Shape of a DNA molecule, due to coiling of two sugar-phosphate backbone strands into a right-handed spiral configuration

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20
Q

Monomer

A

Molecule that when repeated makes up a polymer. Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids

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21
Q

Nucleotide

A

Molecule consisting of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

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22
Q

Polynucleotide

A

Large molecule containing many nucleotides

23
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that catalyses formation of DNA from activated deoxyribose nucleotides, using single-stranded DNA as a template

24
Q

Helicase

A

Enzyme that catalyses the breaking of hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule

25
Q

Semi-conservative replication

A

How DNA replicates, resulting in two new molecules, each of which contains one old strand and one new strand. One old strand is conserved in each new molecule

26
Q

Gene

A

A length of DNA that codes for a polypeptide or for a length of RNA involved in regulating gene expression

27
Q

Polypeptide

A

A polymer made of many amino acid units joined together by peptide bonds. Insulin is a polypeptide of 51 amino acids

28
Q

Protein

A

A large polypeptide of 100 or more amino acids. However, the terms are often used synonymously, and insulin may be described as a small protein

29
Q

Transcription

A

The process of making messenger RNA from a DNA template

30
Q

Translation

A

Formation of a protein, at ribosomes, by assembling amino acids into a particular sequence according to the coded instructions carried from DNA to the ribosome by RNA

31
Q

Active site

A

Indented area on the surface of an enzyme molecule, with a shape that is complementary to the shape of the substrate molecule

32
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical that speeds up the rate of reaction and remains unchanged and reusable at the end of the reaction

33
Q

Extracellular

A

Outside of the cell

34
Q

Intracellular

A

Inside of the cell

35
Q

Metabolic/metabolism

A

The chemical reactions that take place inside living cells or organisms

36
Q

Product

A

Molecule produced from substrate molecules, by an enzyme catalysed reaction

37
Q

Substrate

A

Molecule that is altered by an enzyme-catalysed reaction

38
Q

Cofactor

A

A substance that has to be present to ensure that an enzyme catalysed reaction takes place at the appropriate site. Some cofactors (prosthetic groups) are part of the enzyme structure, and others (mineral ion cofactors and organic coenzymes) form temporary associations with the enzyme

39
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex

A

Complex formed by temporary binding of enzyme and substrate molecules during an enzyme-catalysed reaction

40
Q

Enzyme-product complex

A

Enzyme molecule with the product molecule in its active site. The two are joined temporarily by non-covalent forces

41
Q

Q10

A

Temperature coefficient, calculated by dividing the rate of reaction at (T + 10) degrees C by the rate of reaction at T degrees C

42
Q

Concentration

A

Number of molecules per unit volume

43
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

Inhibition of an enzyme, where the inhibitor molecule has a similar shape to that of a substrate molecule and competes with the substrate for the enzyme’s active site. It blocks the active site and prevents formation of an enzyme substrate complex

44
Q

Inhibitor

A

A substance that reduces or stops a reaction

45
Q

Non-competitive inhibition

A

Inhibition of an enzyme, where the competitor molecule attached to a part of the enzyme molecule but not the active site. This changes the shape of the active site which prevents ES complexes forming, as the enzyme active site is no longer complementary in shape to the substrate molecule

46
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Theory of cell membrane structure with proteins embedded in a sea of phospholipids

47
Q

Glycolipid

A

Lipid/phospholipid with a chain of carbohydrate molecules attached

48
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Protein with a chain of carbohydrate molecules attached

49
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Cell surface membrane

50
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration of that molecule to an area of low concentration; it may or may not be across a membrane; it does not involve metabolic energy (ATP)

51
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration of that molecule to an area of low concentration of that molecule, across a partially permeable membrane via protein channels or carriers; it does no involve metabolic energy (ATP)

52
Q

Osmosis

A

Passage of water molecules down their water potential gradient, across a partially permeable membrane

53
Q

Water potential

A

Measure of the tendency of water molecules to diffuse from one region into another

Biology OCR A level keywords (1 decks)

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