Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESL Certification Study > Keys to Teaching English Grammar to English Language Learners (Keith S Folse) > Flashcards

Keys to Teaching English Grammar to English Language Learners (Keith S Folse) Flashcards

1
Q

Keys to Teaching Grammar to English Language Learners: A Practical Handbook

Keith S. Folse

A

title/author

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Noun

A

The name of a person, place, thing, or quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What questions does a noun answer

A

who or what

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

common nouns vs proper nouns

A
  • common names any person, place, or thing
  • proper names a specific person, place, or thing. Always begins with a capital letter

common ESL error: use lowercase letters with proper nouns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

concrete nouns vs abstract nouns

A
  • concrete something you can perceive with your five senses
  • abstract an emotion, idea, or quality

common ESL error: use the definite article with abstract nouns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

count nouns vs non-count nouns

A
  • count something you can count => has singular and plural forms
  • non-count something you cannot count => has only 1 form and cannot be preceded by a number

common ESL error: assume that it is possible to count a noun that is actually a non-count noun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Verb

A

Shows action or being (existence)

  • The heart of any English sentence.
  • Every sentence has 2 main parts: a subject and a predicate. The verb and all of its modifiers make up the complete predicate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What questions does a verb answer

A

What does/did [the subject] do?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Principal parts (= forms)

A
  • Base
  • Past
  • Past participle
  • Present participle

For regular verbs, the past and past participle forms use the suffix -ed

Irregular verbs use a variety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Verb tense

A

Structures that tell the time of the action expressed by the verb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

12 verb tenses

A
  • simple present
  • simple past
  • simple future
  • present progressive (aka continuous)
  • past progressive
  • future progressive
  • present perfect
  • past perfect
  • future perfect
  • present perfect progressive
  • past perfect progressive
  • future perfect progressive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Transitive vs intransitive verbs

A
  • Transitive verbs must have an object for their actions
  • Intransitive verbs never have an object for their actions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Linking verb

A

Special category of Intransitive verbs which do not express action. They connect the subject to additional information in another part of the sentence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Linking verb categories

A
  • be
  • verbs of perception (e. g. feel, look)
  • verbs of change (e. g. appear, become)

Example: The kids got sleepy after lunch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Auxiliary verbs (aka helping verbs)

A

The verb is a phrase

Example: The cost of living has been rising sharply.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Be helping verbs

A

-am
-is
-are
-was
-were
-be
-being
-been

Example: Arizona was admitted to the U. S. in 1912.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Do helping verbs

A

-do
-does
-did

Example: Yes, you do need a jacket today.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Have helping verbs

A

-have
-has
-had

Example: Walter has devised a plan to stay warm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Modal verbs

A

A special category of helping verbs that express feelings, attitudes, or opinions in a verb phrase.

  • single word modal examples: can, will
  • phrasal modal examples: be able to, have to, had better
  • modal verbs are never main verbs.
  • modal verbs do not vary by subject
  • modal verbs can express actions in the past (example: should have gone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pronoun

A

A word that can replace or substitute for a noun.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What questions does a pronoun answer?

A

A pronoun answers the same questions that a noun answers: who or what

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Subject pronouns

A

A pronoun that can be the subject of a sentence.

Examples: I, you, she, we, it

Common ESL error: confuse he and she

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Object pronouns

A

A pronoun that can be the direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition.

Examples: me, you, her, it

Common ESL error: use of a subject pronoun in an object slot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Relative pronouns

A

Connects a clause to the rest of the sentence: who, that, which, whom

Common ESL error: use what instead of that in adjective clauses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Indefinite pronouns

A

Doesn’t refer to a specific place or thing: anyone, everyone, someone, no one, …

Common ESL errors:
- confuse the various indefinite pronouns
- assume that indefinite pronouns are plural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Reflexive pronouns

A

Used when a word refers to the same subject: myself, yourself, itself…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Reflexive pronouns

A

Used when a word refers to the same subject: myself, yourself, itself…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Demonstrative pronouns

A

Used in lieu of a specific place or person: this, that, these, those

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Possessive pronouns

A

Used to refer to a person or thing and its owner: mine, hers, ours, theirs, …

  • all possessive pronouns end in -s (except mine), but the same form is used for both singular and plural
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Reciprocal pronouns

A

each other, one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Reciprocal pronouns

A

each other, one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Adjective

A

A word that describes a noun or pronoun.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What question does an adjective answer?

A

which one, how many, how much, what kind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Article

A
  • indefinite: a, an
  • definite: the
  • null (or zero): no article is used

Difficult for ESL students

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Possessive adjective

A

my, your, …

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Demonstrative adjective

A

this, that, these, those

Common ESL errors:
- use this or that with a plural noun
- use these or those with a singular noun or a non-count noun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Quantity adjective

A

Numbers and words such as many, a few,…

Common ESL errors:
- omission of plural marker (e.g. many animal)
- using the wrong quantity word for a count or non-count noun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Descriptive adjective

A

beautiful, green, …

Common ESL errors:
- placing descriptive adjectives after nouns, e.g. a book interesting
- using a noun as a descriptive adjective, e.g. You have a beauty baby
- using the wrong suffix to create an adjective, e.g. stormed weather

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Correct sequencing for multiple adjectives

A
  1. opinion
  2. size
  3. age
  4. shape
  5. color
  6. origin
  7. material

The more noun-like an adjective is, the closer it should be to the noun.

40
Q

Adverb

A

A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

41
Q

What questions does an adverb answer?

A
  • how (manner), e.g. slowly
  • when, e.g. yesterday
  • where, e.g. downtown
  • how often, e.g. usually
  • how much (degree), e.g. extremely
42
Q

Adverbs of manner

A

how something happens, e.g. quickly, skillfully

  • suffix is usually -ly; exceptions include fast, slow, hard
  • slow and slowly are both correct adverb forms, but only slowly may be used in some situations

Common ESL errors:
- confusing hard and hardly
- incorrect placement of adverbs in the sentence

43
Q

Adverbs of time

A

When

  • single word, e.g. now, yesterday
  • or phrases, e.g. at night, in 1999
  • may occur at the beginning of a sentence (followed by a comma) or at the end of a sentence
44
Q

Adverbs of place

A

Where

  • single word, e.g. here, there
  • or phrases, e.g. in Portugal, on the floor
  • may occur at the beginning of a sentence (followed by a comma) or at the end of a sentence

When a sentence contains an adverb of place and an adverb of time, common order is place before time, e.g. It rained here yesterday.

45
Q

Adverbs of frequency

A
  • always, usually, often, sometimes, …
  • usually occur before main verbs but after be, modals, and auxiliary verbs

Common ESL error: placement in a sentence

46
Q

Adverbs of degree

A
  • almost, hardly, extremely, very
  • usually come before an adjective or adverb or before the main verb

Common ESL problem: overuse of very instead of other adverbs of degree

47
Q

Conjunction

A

A word that connects parts of a sentence together. Conjunctions link words, phrases, and clauses.

  • Phrase: a group of words with either a noun or a verb but not both. There are noun phrases, verb phrases, and prepositional phrases.
  • Clause: has both a subject and a verb

Common ESL errors:
- lack of conjunction
- lack of punctuation
- extra conjunction
- fragment

48
Q

What question does a conjunction answer?

A

Answers a question about the relationship between parts of a sentence

  • contrast: but
  • concession: although
  • choice: or
  • collection: and
  • cause: because
  • result: so
  • condition: if
49
Q

Coordinating conjunction

A

A conjunction that joins words, phrases, or independent clauses: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)

Common ESL error: omit the comma between two independent clauses

50
Q

Subordinating conjunction

A

A conjunction that introduces a dependent clause and explains its relationship to the main part of the sentence: after, although, because,…

p. 67

51
Q

Conjunctive adverb

A

A transitional device that connects two main ideas: consequently, however,…

p. 67

52
Q

Correlative conjunction

A

Connects equivalent sentence parts. Occurs in pairs: both…and, either…or,…

p 67

53
Q

Preposition

A

A word that shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and the rest of the sentence: after, between,…

The combination of a preposition and its object (and any modifiers) is a prepositional phrase.

Prepositions often give information about place, time, and direction.

Prepositions are difficult for English language learners because they have multiple meanings (polysemous) that don’t transfer well between languages

Common ESL errors:
- confuse at/on/in with times
- confuse at/on/in with places
- lack of preposition
- extra preposition
- wrong preposition

p 68

Also see Key 6 (Chapter 3)

54
Q

Lexical preposition

A

Concrete meaning e.g. across, under,…

p 70

55
Q

Grammatical preposition

A

Required by an adjective, noun, or verb

p 70

56
Q

Interjection

A

A word that expresses strong feeling or emotion.

Usually not taught in ESL classes

57
Q

Changeable parts of speech: form vs function

A

A word can be more than one part of speech depending on how it is used in a sentence.

p72

58
Q

In English, a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.

(sentence structure concept 1 of 10)

A
  • subject: the person or thing that does the action of the verb
  • predicate: everything else, including the verb
  • simple subject: main noun or pronoun
  • complete subject: the simple subject and all modifiers
  • simple predicate: the verb (or verb phrase if there is more than one verb component, e.g. have been eating)
  • complete predicate: the verb and all modifiers

p 75

59
Q

The verb may be followed by an object.

(sentence structure concept 2 of 10)

A

The object may be a noun or pronoun.

60
Q

When the object is the receiver of the action, it is called a direct object. When the object is the person (or thing) to whom or for whom the action was done, it is called an indirect action..

(sentence structure concept 3 of 10)

A

n/a

61
Q

A verb can be transitive, Intransitive, or both.

(sentence structure concept 4 of 10)

P 76

A
  • Transitive verbs must be followed by an object, e.g. bring, enjoy, put,…
  • Intransitive verbs can never be followed by an object, e.g. emerge, happen, …
  • Many verbs can be both transitive and Intransitive, e.g. begin, eat, leave, …
  • An adverb or prepositional phrase (or nothing) may follow an intransitive verb.
  • the noun after the verb be is not a direct object because be is not a transitive verb.

Common ESL errors with transitive verbs:
- omitting the direct object
- inserting unnecessary prepositions

Common ESL errors with Intransitive verbs:
- treating the Intransitive verb as if it were a transitive verb by omitting the required preposition
- inserting incorrect prepositions

62
Q

Beyond word, the next grammatical unit is phrase.

(sentence structure concept 5 of 10)

P 77

A

A phrase is a group of words that does not contain both a subject and a verb.

The most common types of phrases are:
- noun phrases
- verb phrases
- prepositional phrases

63
Q

Beyond phrase, the next grammatical unit is clause.

(sentence structure concept 6 of 10)

P 78

A

A clause is a group of words with both a subject and a verb. There are two kinds of clauses:
- independent clauses have both a subject and a verb and express complete thoughts and can stand on their own
- dependent clauses have both a subject and a verb but do not express complete thoughts and cannot stand on their own

64
Q

Dependent clauses can be adverb clauses, adjective clauses, or noun clauses

(sentence structure concept 7 of 10)

P 78

A
  • adverb clauses
    • answer questions such as when, where, …
    • usually modify the verb
    • can come before or after the main clause. If before, followed by a comma
  • adjective clauses
    • tell which one
    • modify nouns (or, rarely, pronouns)
    • begin with one of the five relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, that, which) or one of two subordinating conjunctions (when, where)
  • noun clauses answer questions such as who, whom, what.
    • words that commonly introduce noun clauses are that, what, who, …
    • sometimes these introductory words are optional

  • some words can introduce both adjective and noun clauses (who, whom, that which). If the clause can be changed to it, then it’s probably a noun clause.
65
Q

There are four kinds of sentences: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex

(sentence structure concept 8 of 10)

P 80

A
  • simple sentence
    • has one independent clause
    • can have multiple subjects and/or multiple verbs, but there is only one subject-verb relationship
  • compound sentence
    • has two independent clauses
    • the two independent clauses are connected by one of seven coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)
  • complex sentence
    • has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
  • compound-complex sentence
    • has two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause
66
Q

Subject-verb agreement: A singular subject needs a singular verb

(sentence structure concept 9 of 10)

P 82

A
  • third person singular in simple present tense verbs have an -s ending. This can confuse ESL students because -s makes nouns plural
  • the object of a prepositional phrase can never be the subject of a sentence because it is already an object.
    • so the prepositional phrase is irrelevant in determining subject-verb agreement, e.g. The box on the papers is green.
67
Q

Three common errors in sentence composition: run-on sentences, comma splices, and fragments

(sentence structure concept 10 of 10)

P 83

A
  • run-on: a sentence that has two parts pushed together without a proper conjunction or punctuation. (Also called fused sentence). S + V + S + V (+ S + V…).
  • comma splice: a sentence that has two parts, but the writer has put a comma in between them without a connector word. S + V, S + V.
  • fragment: an incomplete sentence. connector + S + V.
68
Q

Regular verb

A

Both the past tense and past participle forms end in -ed, e.g. grade, graded, graded.

  • present participle: an -ing form (e.g. eating). It is used in the six progressive tenses and can be used as an adjective (e g. exciting story)
  • past participle: for regular verbs, the verb ends in -ed (same as simple past tense). It is used in the perfect tenses and can be used as an adjective (e.g. fried shrimp).
69
Q

Irregular verb

A

The past tense and past participle forms do not both end in -ed, e.g. take, took, taken.

70
Q

Principal parts of a verb

P 86

A
  • base
  • past
  • past participle
  • present participle

Many grammar books omit the present participle because it is always formed by adding -ing to all verbs, whether regular or irregular

71
Q

Twelve verb tenses

P 87

A

Time (present, past, future) x aspect (simple, progressive, perfect, perfect progressive)

  • simple present uses base part
    • regular verb: grade
    • irregular verb: take
  • simple past uses past part
    • regular verb: graded
    • irregular verb: took
  • simple future uses base part
    • regular verb: will grade
    • irregular verb: will take
  • present progressive uses present participle part
    • regular verb: am grading
    • irregular verb: is taking
  • past progressive uses present participle part
    • regular verb: was grading
    • irregular verb: was taking
  • future progressive uses present participle part
    • regular verb: will be grading
    • irregular verb: will be taking
  • present perfect uses past part
    • regular verb: have graded
    • irregular verb: has taken
  • past perfect uses past participle part
    • regular verb: had graded
    • irregular verb: had taken
  • future perfect uses past participle part
    • regular verb: will have graded
    • irregular verb: will have taken
  • present perfect progressive uses present participle part
    • regular verb: have been grading
    • irregular verb: will have been grading
  • past perfect progressive uses present participle part
    • regular verb: had been grading
    • irregular verb: had been taking
  • future perfect progressive uses present participle part
    • regular verb: will have been grading
    • irregular verb: will have been taking

  • verb tenses are usually taught in this order: simple present, simple past, simple future, present progressive, present perfect, present perfect progressive, past progressive, past perfect, past perfect progressive.
72
Q

Simple present tense forms

P. 89

A
  1. VERB
    or
    VERB + -s (for he, she, it)
  2. Question
    do/does + subject + VERB
  3. Negative
    do/does + not + VERB
73
Q

Simple present tense usages

P. 89

A
  1. a fact that is true now, e.g. The U.S. has 50 states.
  2. a recurring event, e.g. People vote for the president every four years.
  3. state or condition, e.g. He seems angry.
  4. a planned future action (with a future time word), e.g. This train leaves in an hour.
74
Q

Simple past tense form

P. 89

A
  1. VERB + -ed (for regular verbs: irregular verbs use different patterns)
  2. Question
    did + subject + VERB
  3. Negative
    did l + not + VERB
75
Q

Simple past tense usages

P. 89

A
  1. a completed action, e.g. I lived in New Mexico in 1980.
  2. an activity that took place regularly in the past, e.g. I walked to work every day when I was in graduate school.
  3. a completed condition, e.g. The temperature fell sharply last night.
76
Q

Simple future tense form

P. 90

A
  1. **will + VERB
  2. Question
    will + subject + VERB
  3. Negative
    will + not + VERB
77
Q

Simple future tense usages

P. 90

A
  1. a prediction about a future event, e.g. It will rain tomorrow.
  2. a decision at the time of speaking, e.g. [phone ringing] I’ll answervote** it.
  3. an agreement to do something, e.g. If you will go to the store, I’ll cook dinner.
  4. a planned future action (with a future time word), e.g. This train leaves in an hour.
78
Q

Present progressive tense form

P. 90

A
  1. **am/is/are + VERB + -ing
  2. Question
    am/is/are + subject + VERB + -ing
  3. Negative
    am/is/are + not + VERB + -ing
79
Q

Present progressive tense usages

P. 90

A
  1. an action happening now, e.g. It’s raining hard right now. [note: action vs fact (for which simple present is used)]
  2. a recurring action, e.g. I am working at the beach this week.
  3. an upcoming action (with a future time word), e.g. They are flying to New York tomorrow.
80
Q

Past progressive tense form

P. 91

A
  1. **was/were + VERB + -ing
  2. Question
    was/were + subject + VERB + -ing
  3. Negative
    was/were + not + VERB + -ing
81
Q

Past progressive tense usages

P. 91

A
  1. an action in the past that was interrupted in the past by another action, e.g. I was living in Japan when the market crashed.
  2. a longer past action or an activity that took place over a long time, e.g. We were planning our vacation for weeks.
82
Q

Future progressive tense form

P. 91

A
  1. **was/were + VERB + -ing
  2. Question
    was/were + subject + VERB + -ing
  3. Negative
    was/were + not + VERB + -ing

This tense is rarely used.

83
Q

Future progressive tense usages

P. 91

A
  1. an action that begins before another action and will be happening at a point of time in the future, e.g. You will be sleeping when I get off work.
84
Q

Present perfect tense form

P. 92

A
  1. have/has + PAST PARTICIPLE
  2. Question
    have/has + subject + PAST PARTICIPLE
  3. Negative
    have/has not + PAST PARTICIPLE
85
Q

Present perfect tense usages

P. 92

A
  1. an action that happened at unspecified time in the past, e.g. I have eaten sushi before.
  2. a recent action that is important to the current conversation or situation, e.g. I have turned on the air conditioner, so it will be cooler soon.
  3. an action that began in the past but continues to the present, e.g. We have worked here since noon.
  4. repetition of an action before now, e.g. I have traveled to New York many times.
86
Q

Past perfect tense form

P. 93

A

1.
had + PAST PARTICIPLE

  1. Question
    had + subject + PAST PARTICIPLE
  2. Negative
    had not + PAST PARTICIPLE
87
Q

Past perfect tense usages

P. 93

A
  1. an action that happened before another past event, action, or time, e.g. I had already eaten when my daughter called.
88
Q

Future perfect tense form

P. 93

A

1.
will have + PAST PARTICIPLE, e.g. I will have spoken to Jim about the problem when you reach home tomorrow night.

  1. Question
    will + subject + **have* + PAST PARTICIPLE, e.g. By the year 2050, will the population have doubled?
  2. Negative
    will not have + PAST PARTICIPLE, e.g.
    By the time you get to your office, your assistant will not have finished the report.

this tense is not used frequently

89
Q

Future perfect tense usages

P. 93

A
  1. a future action that will occur before another particular future action or time
    By next Friday, we will have finished the book.
90
Q

Present perfect progressive tense form

P. 94

A
  1. have/has + **been* + VERB + -ing
  2. Question
    have/has + subject + been + VERB + -ing
    Why has it been raining so much lately?
  3. Negative
    have/has not + been + VERB + -ing
    *Many of today’s flights haven’t been leaving on time.
91
Q

Present perfect progressive tense usages

P. 94

A
  1. an action that began in the past, has continued into the present, and may continue into the future (when a speaker wants to emphasize the duration of the action)
    * Why are you so late? I have been waiting here for an hour.*
  2. a general action in progress recently for which no specific time is mentioned
    I have been practicing a lot recently.
  3. an action that began in the past and has just recently ended
    There’s green stuff in my hair, but don’t worry. I‘ve been painting my house and I was a little sloppy with the brush.
92
Q

Past perfect progressive tense form

P. 95

A
  1. had + **been* + VERB + -ing
  2. Question
    had + subject + been + VERB + -ing
    How long had you been working here when you were promoted?
  3. Negative
    had not + been + VERB + -ing
    The factory had not been selling many cars, so the company closed it.

This tense is rarely used

93
Q

Past perfect progressive tense usages

P. 95

A
  1. an activity that occurred before another action in the past (when the speaker wants to emphasize the duration of the action)
    The pilot had been flying for an hour before he noticed a problem with the engine.
  2. a long action occurring recently before another action in the past
    *I didn’t go to the party last night because I was too tired. I had been working all day long.
94
Q

Future perfect progressive tense form

P. 96

A
  1. will + have + **been* + VERB + -ing
  2. Question
    will + subject + have + been + VERB + -ing
    How long will we have been living here when you retire?
  3. Negative
    will + not + have + been + VERB + -ing
    We will not have been living here for more than 20 years.

This tense is rarely used

95
Q

Passive voice

p. 97

A
  • All English verbs–both transitive and intransitive–can appear in all 12 tenses.
  • Transitive verbs have two possible forms in all 12 tenses: active voice and passive voice.
  • In active voice, the subject of the sentence is doing the action of the verb and there is a direct object that is receiving the action, e.g. Farmers in Uzbekistan grow about five percent of the world’s cotton.
  • In passive voice
    1. the receiver of the action becomes the subject
    2. the verb changes to a past participle and a form of be precedes it, e.g. About five percent of the world’s cotton is grown by farmers in Uzbekistan.
96
Q

Key 1. to be

p. 106

A
  • usually one of the first grammar points in any ESL textbook
  • most frequently used verb in English
  • forms in English:
    1. be
    2. am
    3. is
    4. are
    5. was
    6. were
      and usually taught later:
    7. being
    8. been
97
Q

Key 1.A. Typical ESL Errors

A

ESL Certification Study (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions