Key words (Written CLA) Flashcards
What is a Phoneme?
The smallest unit of sound
that distinguishes one word from another.
What is a Morpheme?
The smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function in language
What is Scaffolding?
Support provided by caregivers through modelling how speech ought to take place.
What is Child-directed speech?
The particular variation of
language used by a caregiver when interacting
What is Adjacency pairs?
A simple spoken structure of two-turns,
with no interjection.
What is Orthography?
The spelling of words
What is a Grapheme?
Written units (such as letters and letter combinations) that represent a phoneme
What is directionality?
Writing across the page, from left to right
What is linearity?
Writing in straight lines
What is transposition?
Letters within a word are swapped round and one is in
the place of the other.
What is Omission?
Key letters within a word are missed out (particularly
where double consonants appear)
What is Substitution?
A letter is replaced within another that might feasibly
have been accurate
What is Overgeneralisation/overextension?
A grammatical rule is over applied in the wrong
context. There is evidence that the child has
understanding of the feature but is not yet secure in
its accurate application.
What is the for the NC (6-7 years)?
Form lower case letters of the correct size
relative to one another.
Movement from pre-cursive, to cursive
handwriting (KS2 student expectation is to use
‘joined handwriting throughout their independent
writing).
Write capital letters and digits of the correct size,
orientation and relationship to one another.
Use spacing between words that is appropriate for
the size of the letters.
Preparatory stage (up to age 6)
Speech and writing are very separate at this point.
At this stage, children have a fluency in speech that they do
not yet have in writing.
During this stage, technical skills will be developing.
Consolidation stage (aged 7-8)
Oral and written skills are becoming increasingly
consolidated.
Writing will tend to appear as the child speaks and will be
primarily simple sentences.
During this stage, punctuation will only just be emerging
Differentiation stage (aged 9-10)
Children can now differentiate between speech and writing
and recognise the appropriate tone for each form.
Sentences are more developed and punctuation is more consistent
Integration stage (aged mid-teens)
Users understand that both speech and writing employ a wide
range of forms according to audience, purpose and genre.
Development of personal voice and tone.
Modes of Britton
Expressive Mode: In this stage, writing reflects the child’s own thoughts and feelings. It is highly
personal, often unstructured, and closely mirrors spoken language. Young children typically use
the expressive mode to explore their own ideas and inner worlds.
Transactional Mode: As children develop, they begin to use writing to communicate more
formally and purposefully with others. This mode involves writing for a specific audience and
purpose, such as instructions, reports, or essays. The focus shifts to clarity and organisation, and
writing becomes more impersonal and structured.
Poetic Mode: The poetic mode focuses on the aesthetic and creative use of language. Children
begin experimenting with metaphor, rhythm, and other literary devices. It involves more
sophisticated use of language for artistic
What does PEELS stand for?
Point/pattern
Evidence
Explore language levels
Link to theory
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